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[[File: Alphonse-Louis_Constant.jpg|right|240px|thumb|Alphonse-Louis Constant in 1836]]
#REDIRECT [[Éliphas Lévi Zahed]]
'''Alphonse Louis Constant''' (February 8, 1810 – May 31, 1875), who wrote later in his life under the pen-name '''Éliphas Lévi''' or sometimes '''Éliphas Lévi Zahed''', was a French author and would become one of the most important esoteric writers of all time. His most famous books, ''Dogme et rituel de la haute magie'', ''Histoire de la magie'', and ''La clef des grands mystères'' are considered to be the founding works of [[occultism]]. They would go on to inspire a number of key esotericists, among them [[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]].
 
Constant's theory and history of [[magic]], his interpretation of the [[Kabbalah]] and the [[Tarot]], as well as his emblematic drawings like the “Baphomet,” remain highly influential. <ref>Julian Strube, [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0048721X.2016.1146926 ''Socialist religion and the emergence of occultism: a genealogical approach to socialism and secularization in 19th-century France'']. Accessed on 11/12/2018.</ref> His influence is apparent in the work and thought of figures as diverse as [[Papus]] (founder of the modern Martinist Order and former Theosophist), A.E. Waite (co-creator of the Rider-Waite Tarot deck), [[William Wynn Westcott|W. Wynn Westcott]] (from the [[Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn]]); and Aleister Crowley (English occultist). His notion of the all-pervading [[astral light]] was adopted by H.P.B. and used in her writings.<ref>R.A. Gilbert Bristol, R Preface to ''The Great Secret of Occultism Unveiled'' by Éliphas Lévi. Weiser Books sold by Amazon Digital Services LLC. 2000.</ref>
 
==Early Life==
 
[[File: Abbe_Constant.jpg|left|230px|thumb|Abbé Constant]]
Alphonse Louis Constant was the son of a poor shoemaker in Paris and was known as "the clever lad." His parish priest singled Constant out as a boy of promise and enrolled him in a small school that he had set up and at the age of fifteen Constant went on to the "little seminary" of Saint Nicholas de Chardonnet where he fell under the influence of his first important teacher, the abbé Frére-Colonna, a man whom he later called "the most intelligent and sincerely pious priest I have ever known". <ref>Williams, A. Thomas. ''Eliphas Levi: Master of Occultism'' (University of Alabama Press, 1975), 8.</ref> Then the curé of his parish obtained a free education for him at the Seminary of St. Sulpice. He became a good Latin, Greek and Hebrew scholar and wanted to become a priest. <ref>"Unpublished Letters of Éliphas Levi" ''Lucifer''  v14 (March, 1894), 51.</ref> In 1836, shortly before he was ordained, he was forced to leave the Seminary. Some scholars stated due to a love affair <ref>Julian Strube, ''Sozialismus, Katholizismus und Okkultismus im Frankreich des 19. Jahrhundert: Die Genealogie der Schriften von Eliphas Lévi''. Walter de Gruyter Gmbh & Co, 2016. Chapter 1.1.1. – Kindle edition.</ref>, others for falling in love with a young girl and realizing that he couldn't take his vows before the altar without remorse. <ref>A. Thomas Williams, ''Eliphas Levi: Master of Occultism'' (University of Alabama Press, 1975), 13.</ref><ref>Christopher McIntosh, ''Eliphas Lévi and the French Occult Revival'' (London: Rider and Company, 1972), 82.</ref>One of the reasons his mother might have committed suicide was because of this decision. For several years after that he socialized with a circle of friends, young Bohemians, a heterogeneous group of artists and socialists. His attempt to return to clerical life in 1839 by joining a Dominican monastery did not work out due to conflicts and he was desperately looking for a new perspective. He felt hope when he was offered a teaching position in Juilly but was only allowed to do the lowest kind of jobs and was treated badly. He felt despair and wrote during that time secretly the infamous '''''Bible de la liberté''''' [Bible of Freedom] which was published on February 13th, 1841. It was confiscated within an hour of publication but only after numerous copies were successfully distributed. He was arrested in April 1941 and convicted to 8 months in prison on May 11th after showing no remorse. The trial made him instantly famous in and outside of the country. ''The Bible de la liberté'' was the first of many publications with which Constant distinguished himself in the 1840s as one of the most sensational representatives of Christian Revolutionary Socialism. His role model was the priest Félicité de Lamennais, the founder of the so-called Neo-Catholicism.<ref>Julian Strube, ''Sozialismus, Katholizismus und Okkultismus im Frankreich des 19. Jahrhundert: Die Genealogie der Schriften von Eliphas Lévi''. Walter de Gruyter Gmbh & Co., 2016. Chapter 1.1.1. – Kindle edition.</ref> The young and enthusiastic Neo-Catholics wanted to reconcile Catholicism with post-revolutionary society, by establishing a liberal, progressive, and social Catholicism that sought to actively engage with contemporary philosophical, political, and scientific discourses. The Neo-Catholics achieved a public breakthrough in 1830 with their journal ''L'Avenir''. However, the movement was swiftly and violently crushed soon after.<ref>Julian Strube, '''Socialist religion and the emergence of occultism: a genealogical approach to socialism and secularization in 19th-century France''. From [[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0048721X.2016.1146926 TandFOnline]. Accessed on 11/12/2018.</ref>
 
His personal life had its disappointments, too. He seduced an assistant head mistress, who bore him an illegitimate child. This was the one time in his life, which was usually devoted to social utopianism and mystical absorption, when Constant committed a misdeed, abandoned the teacher and became infatuated with her student, Noémi Cadiot. In 1846, at the age of thirty-six, Constant married the 17-year-old girl. She had shown up at his apartment one day to stay, Constant didn't ask her to leave and Noémi's father demanded a marriage.<ref>Williams, A. Thomas. Eliphas Levi: Master of Occultism. The University of Alabama Press, 1975. Page 63</ref> It was a disastrous marriage. They had a daughter who died in childhood, and soon after her death, Noémi left him. But the radical tracts continued to appear, stimulated by the Revolution of 1848.<ref>Bristol, R.A. Gilbert. In the Preface of ''The Great Secret of Occultism Unveiled'' by Éliphas Lévi. Weiser Books sold by Amazon Digital Services LLC. 2000.</ref><ref>Gary Lachman, ''To Revolutionaries of the Soul Everywhere'' (Wheaton, Ill.: Quest Books, 2014), 47.</ref>Because of the publication of a violently revolutionary pamphlet, '''''La voix de la famine''''', he was again imprisoned in 1847. After the February Revolution, he presided over the '''Club de la Montagne''' which was described by contemporaries as one of the most radical clubs. At that time, Constant published his ''Testament de la liberté'' (1848), which has later been misunderstood as representing the end of his political ambitions but was in fact a euphoric writing about the beginning of a new regenerated world and the emancipation of the people.
 
The years between 1848 and 1855 marked for him, as for many other socialists, a period of great uncertainty. After he had initially partaken in the enthusiasm about Louis-Napoléon, he turned against the repressive Emperor with a highly polemical chanson that led to his third political imprisonment, in 1855. As a result, he kept a low profile in subsequent years, albeit without abandoning his political stance.<ref>Julian Strube, ''Socialist religion and the emergence of occultism: a genealogical approach to socialism and secularization in 19th-century France''. From [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0048721X.2016.1146926 TandFOnline]. Accessed on 11/12/2018.</ref>
 
In 1851 he produced a substantial and wholly orthodox '''''Dictionaiare de Litterérature Chrétienne'''''. It was to be his last truly orthodox work – religious, political, or esoteric – for the direction of his life was changed dramatically by two quite unrelated events.
 
In 1852 Constant met the Polish metaphysician and eccentric Hoëné Wronski (1778-1853) and was greatly influenced and inspired by his doctrine of '''messianisme''' – the name he gave to his synthesis of philosophy, religion, science, and politics: a strange amalgam of esoteric philosophy, Utopianism, and revealed religion.<ref>Lachman, 47.</ref>The effect of Wronski’s influence was to reconcile a number of opposing elements in Constant’s thinking. Up till then the staunch Christian in him had conflicted with the socialist, the rationalist with the mystic. <ref>McIntosh, 98.</ref>
 
Within twelve months of their meeting, Wronski was dead and Constant’s wife had left him. Constant had contributed to a leftist paper, the ''Revue progressive'', owned by the Marquis de Montferrier and his wife Noémi soon became the Marquis’ mistress. Immersed in his Kabbalistic studies, Constant did not notice what was going on until it was too late. To escape the pain of his betrayal he immersed himself in his writing, and in due course the ''Dogme'' appeared. It bore the name he was to use for the rest of his life: '''Éliphas Lévi'''.<ref>McIntosh, 100.</ref> Some scholars interpret these events as the point when Abbé Constant "died", to be succeeded by this new identity.<ref>Bristol, R.A. Gilbert.</ref> <ref>Lachman, 48.</ref> Another author points out that his political ambitions had failed and watching helplessly as the revolution itself foundered and gave way to the machinations and ambitions of Lois Napoléon contributed to his crisis and transformation. <ref>Williams, A. Thomas. Eliphas Levi: Master of Occultism. The University of Alabama Press, 1975. Page 62</ref> It has been argued recently that it would be misleading to assume that the socialist Constant had ceased to exist when the magician Eliphas Lévi entered the stage and that his occultism should be seen as one of the most remarkable ways in which his early socialist ideas transformed after 1848, and that those ideas continue to shape the religious landscape of Europe well up to the present day.<ref>Strube, Julian. Socialist religion and the emergence of occultism: a genealogical approach to socialism and secularization in 19th-century France. From TandFOnline. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0048721X.2016.1146926?scroll=top&needAccess=true. Accessed on 11/21/2019.</ref>
 
== Éliphas Lévi==
 
As Éliphas Lévi - supposedly the Hebrew equivalent of his birth name <ref>Lachman, Gary. To Revolutionaries of the Soul Everywhere, Quest Books, Wheaton, Ill. 2014, page 45</ref>-, Constant became one of the most influential esoteric authors, writing and publishing a remarkable series of magical works by which his fame was established and on which it still rests. <ref>Strube, Julian (2016), Sozialismus, Katholizismus und Okkultismus im Frankreich des 19. Jahrhundert: Die Genealogie der Schriften von Eliphas Lévi. Walter de Gruyter Gmbh & Co. Chapter 1.1.1. – Kindle edition</ref><ref>Bristol, R.A. Gilbert, Preface.</ref> <ref>Lachman, 47.</ref>
 
[[File: History_of_Magic.jpeg|right|260px|thumb|]]
 
His most famous books, '''''Dogme et rituel de la haute magie''''' [Dogma and Ritual of High Magic] (1854–1856), '''''Histoire de la magie''''' [History of Magic] (1860), and '''''La clef des grands mystères''''' [The Key of the Mysteries] (1861) are considered to be the founding works of [[occultism]]. These three works contain his most original and influential ideas: the application of the Hebrew alphabet to the Tarot trumps and their placing on the [[Kabbalah|Kabbalistic Tree of Life]]; the doctrine of the [[Astral Light]], and the effective revival of a Christian Kabbalah. They also contain a host of maddening contradictions – the result of Lévi’s attempt to balance his occult philosophy with his continuing devotion to the Catholic Church. <ref>Bristol, R.A. Gilbert, Preface.</ref>
 
In 1855 he founded, in collaboration with Charles Fauverty and Charles Lemmonier, a monthly journal called '''''La revue philosophique et religieuse''''', to which he contributed poetry and articles on the Kabbalah. This periodical lasted for only three years, but it helped to spread his reputation together with his first books. <ref>McIntosh, 105.</ref>The late 1850s were a happy time for Lévi. He was well established as an occultist, basked in the affection and esteem of a lively circle of friends, and could be seen at gatherings all over Paris. Over the years he also traveled numerous times to London and made friends there as well. <ref>McIntosh, 101. </ref> During one of his London visits his famous invocation of the ghost of [[Apollonius of Tyana]], one of the greatest magicians of antiquity, took place. Lévi’s account reads like something out of a supernatural thriller. The ceremony, commissioned by a mysterious woman in black, took three weeks to prepare and is described in his ''Rituel de la haut magie'' (Ritual of High Magic, 1856).<ref>Lachman, 50.</ref>
 
In 1861 he became a [[Freemasonry|freemason]] but left the society in later years. <ref>McIntosh, 115. </ref>
 
Lévi’s fame as a master of the occult mysteries brought him a number of eager and supportive students. One of them was Mrs. Hutchinson, wife of the English Consul in Paris, who wrote:
 
<blockquote> “Éliphas Lévi is the only man I have known to have arrived at a state of profound peace. His good humour was indestructible, his gaiety and liveliness inexhaustible. His brilliant, Rabelaisian wit, profound for those who understood the philosophical sense of his words, was equally pleasing to humbler people who only detect amusing jokes in them and succumbed to the charm of this amiable man. Whatever were the faculties of the souls who approached his soul, he put himself within their reach while at the same time elevating them as much as possible without deceiving himself as to the degree to which they could attain. Talking much, without every venturing an indiscreet word, he displayed at the same time a complete frankness and an extreme reserve; his conscience was a priestly sanctuary.”<ref>McIntosh, 131-132.</ref></blockquote>
 
In one of his letters to his student of baron de Spédalierie, Lévi outlined the rules by which he lived during these years:
 
<blockquote>I seek to maintain a great calmness of mind and cleanliness of body, a well ventilated and dry apartment of even temperature, yet more cold than warm, an apartment with nothing out of place and in which nothing calls to mind the grosser needs of life. I would be as embarrassed at one's finding a wash basin in view as I would be if I went out into the street without my breeches on. I eat moderate meals, which satisfy my appetite without exciting it. My food is simple and substantial. I leave my work before I become overly tired; I take moderate, healthful exercise. I take particular care never to become overexcited or too fatigued in the evening, so that the greatest calm may precede sleep. Living in this way, one can become aware of any nascent malady while it can still be treated with the idlest remedies...Patience and good humor will do the rest.....Everyone is good to me. When I pass by, children smile at me. My little cell never sees any but the kindest faces. Everything breathes an atmosphere of deep peace....The earth would be an Eden for me if my brothers were not suffering in it.<ref>Williams, 158.</ref></blockquote>
 
==The Last Years==
 
 
By 1861 Lévi had entered upon the final, teaching phase of his life. He was known and respected as an occultist and magician in both France and England, and he began to acquire disciples in both countries. Among them were Kenneth MacKenzie and Frederic Hickley in England; and Baron Spedalieri, Constantin Branicki, Jean-Baptiste Pitois, Jacques Charrot, and the Theosophist [[Mary Gebhard]].<ref>R.A. Gilbert Bristol, In the Preface of ''The Great Secret of Occultism Unveiled'' by Eliphas Lévi. Weiser Books sold by Amazon Digital Services LLC. 2000.</ref> To all of these he gave instruction freely, describing his method in a letter to Spedalieri:
 
<blockquote>“As regards our lessons – I have no manuscript course – I give to my disciples according to the need of their minds what the spirit gives me for them. I demand nothing, and I refuse nothing from them in return. It is a communion and an exchange of bread: spiritual for bodily. But the needs of the body are of so little account for me that the generous gifts of those of my children and brothers who are rich serve mainly to satisfy the first and greatest need of my soul and of all our souls: charity”. <ref>Unpublished Letters of Éliphas Levi (1) from Lucifer 1887-1897. London, HP Blavatsky. Year 1894, v 14, March, page 54. From [http://www.iapsop.com/archive/materials/lucifer/lucifer_v14_n79_mar_15_1894.pdf IAPSOP].</ref></blockquote>
 
[[File: Eliphas_Levi_on_his_death_bed.jpeg|left|260px|thumb|]]
 
The Franco-Prussian War of 1870 and the humiliating defeat of France were a horrible blow to Éliphas Lévi because he saw France as the future savior of civilization. At the end of the war Lévi had no resources and was saved from starvation by [[Mary Gebhard]], who invited him to stay with her at her home in Germany where he remained for about two months in the summer of 1871. Lévi’s periods of illness were becoming increasingly frequent, but in between he continued to maintain contact with his followers and to write. He was grateful for the continued devotion of close disciples. He also received accolades from the literary world.
 
As the year 1875 wore on, his condition became steadily worse. Dropsy had also developed, and gangrene had begun to attack his feet. Lévi faced his last agonizing days with courage and preserved his mental faculties until the last moment. His friends were constantly with him. He passed away on May 31st and the funeral was held two days later. <ref>McIntosh, 136-139.</ref>
 
The year of his death was predicted for him. A curious character named Juliano Capella he met only once told him that his life was “regulated by the inexorable law of numbers”, that he was “a man of the pentagram”, that “the years marked by the number five are always fateful ones” for him and that he would die in 1875. <ref>Lachman, 52.</ref>
 
== Astral Light==
 
Magicians before Éliphas Lévi had already explained in principle how [[magic]] works by illustrating it through analogy, which connects heaven and earth.  And Lévi never questioned the old [[Hermeticism|hermetic principle]] “As above so below” and other theories.  But he conceptualized these theories using terminology of his time. He propagated a new term that best described the magic medium in his opinion, the [[Astral Light]]. He defines it as a force that permeates the whole universe and can be harnessed for magic.
 
He admitted readily, that others before him had come across this force but gave it a different name. According to Lévi, the astral light is identical with the '''[[Odic Force]]''' called “''Od”'' discovered by the German  [[Carl Reichenbach|Baron Carl von Reichenbach]] in 1854; with the animal magnetism, also known as '''[[Mesmerism|mesmerism]]''', an invisible natural force discovered by the German doctor [[Franz Anton Mesmer]] and the '''Azoth''' achieved by [[Paracelsus]]. Azoth is analogous to the light of nature or mind of God, the universal life force, and was believed to be the essential agent of transformation in [[alchemy]].
 
If one were to substitute the term '''the spirit of the world''' from chapter 14 in Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa’s (a German scholar) first book ''Natural Magic'' with "astral light," the respective passage could be found verbatim in Lévi's writings. Both Agrippa and Lévi speak about a medium which permeates everything and connects the [[soul]] with the body. Except that Lévi's astral light takes up more space. The astral light, which is poured down at the moment of conception adjusts to the soul at contact and represents its first shell, even before the physical body is developed. The astral light also explains the influence of the planets at birth because it carries along their influence at this crucial moment. Thus, if one wants to influence the body, it is best done with the help of the astral light. If the form of the [[astral body]] would be changed, the physical body would follow automatically in accordance with the only dogma known by magic: the visible is the manifestation of the invisible.
 
Lévi associated - with reference to Paracelsus -  the astral light, which surrounds us, with the existence of man right after [[death]]. The immortal soul rises at death and the astral body continues to live a bit longer in the astral sphere where everyone encounters his own heaven or hell. Those who were guided all their life by lower instincts will experience an unbearable fear of death, the others will move like fish in water: They had already been able to control the astral light during their life. <ref>Monika Hauf, ''Kompendium der Magie und des Okkultismus''. Leipzig, Germany: Bohmeier Verlag, 2016, 150-151.</ref>
 
In the ''Dogma'' Éliphas Lévi describes the astral light as a blind, amoral, universal force that sweeps all before it in a perpetual and restless search of equilibrium. He wrote that the ancients knew this force: that it consists in a universal agent whose supreme law is equilibrium and whose direction is directly related to the great arcanum of transcendental magic. Through the use of this agent one can change the very order of the seasons, produce the phenomenon of the day in the middle of the night, enter instantaneously into contacts with the farthest ends of the earth, see events on the other side of the world..., heal or attack at a distance. This agent... is nothing other than the first matter of the great work of the medieval adepts. He further writes that the astral light can be used for good or evil and it is a kind of universal record keeper that registers all of our desires, intentions, and acts. It is also a kind of physical electrolyte that permits influences from one psychic source to act upon another. <ref>Williams, 101-103.</ref>
 
==Éliphas Lévi and Theosophy==
 
[[File: Astral_Light_by_Blavatsky.jpeg|right|260px|thumb]]
 
The influence of Éliphas Lévi upon [[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky|H.P.B.]] was significant. Her work [[Isis Unveiled (book)|'''''Isis Unveiled''''']] (1877) is indebted to Lévi’s ideas on the [[Kabbalah]], and especially to his notion of the all-pervading '''[[Astral Light]]'''. <ref>Bristol.</ref> Masters [[Morya|M]]  and [[Koot Hoomi|KH]] frequently referred to his writings and indicated that there was much of value in them if one had the right key to understanding. <ref>George E. Linton and Virginia Hanson, eds., ''Readers Guide to The Mahatma Letters to A. P. Sinnett'' (Adyar, Chennai, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1972), 237-238.</ref>
 
In her writings, H.P.B. mentions Levi’s name often.<ref>Information about Éliphas Levi: [http://www.katinkahesselink.net/blavatsky/articles/v15/cum_index_l.htm Katinkahesselink.net].</ref>
She was of the opinion that Éliphas Lévi "was undoubtedly a great occultist"<ref>H. P Blavatsky, ''Blavatsky Collected Writings'', Volume 6, 180. Accessed at [http://www.katinkahesselink.net/blavatsky/articles/v6/y1884_021.htm Katinkahesselink.net] on 12/26/2018.</ref> and referred to him when writing about the astral light <ref>H. P Blavatsky, ''Blavatsky Collected Writings'', Volume 13, page 241. Accessed at [http://www.katinkahesselink.net/blavatsky/articles/v13/ph_007.htm Katinkahesselink.net] on 12/26/2018.</ref> When his article on “Death” was published in [[The Theosophist (periodical)|''The Theosophist'']], it was accompanied by a note which said:
 
<blockquote>The late Éliphas Lévi was the most learned Kabalist and Occultist of our age, and everything from his pen is precious to us insofar as it helps to compare notes with the Eastern Occult doctrines, and by the light thrown upon both to prove to the world that the two systems . . . are one in their principal metaphysical tenets.<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''Collected Writings'' vol. III (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1995), 288.</ref></blockquote>
 
Even though she referenced and praised him often, she criticized him as well.  When reading her articles, we learn that she considered his language “rather too rhapsodically rhetorical to be sufficiently clear to the beginner” in regard to some of the unpublished manuscripts she had read <ref>H. P Blavatsky, ''Blavatsky Collected Writings'', Volume 14, page 233. Accessed at [http://www.katinkahesselink.net/blavatsky/articles/v14/ph_059.htm Katinkahesselink.net] on 12/26/2018.</ref>; that his “teaching does not embrace the Occult Cosmogony, but deals simply with Occult Geology and the formation of our cosmic speck” <ref>H. P Blavatsky, ''Blavatsky Collected Writings'', Volume 14, 234. Accessed at [http://www.katinkahesselink.net/blavatsky/articles/v14/ph_059.htm Katinkahesselink.net]] on 12/26/2018.</ref>; that she had a different opinion when it came to certain aspects of his statements about the Kabbalah<ref>H. P Blavatsky, ''Blavatsky Collected Writings'', 237. Accessed at [http://www.katinkahesselink.net/blavatsky/articles/v14/ph_059.htm Katinkahesselink.net] on 12/26/2018.</ref>; and that she stressed that “the philosophy which Éliphas Lévi gives out as Kabalistic is simply mystical Roman Catholicism adapted to the Christian Kabbalah”.<ref>H. P Blavatsky, ''Blavatsky Collected Writings'', Volume 14, 239. Accessed at [http://www.katinkahesselink.net/blavatsky/articles/v14/ph_059.htm Katinkahesselink.net] on 12/26/2018.</ref>
 
In one of her articles she noted that “he died, as his famous predecessors in the occult arts, [[Cornelius Agrippa]] and [[Paracelsus]], a pauper”<ref>The Theosophist, Vol. II, No. 10, July 1881, p. 211</ref> and stated “though we do not personally agree with all his views, we do concur in the verdict of the world of letters that Éliphas Lévi was one of the cleverest, most learned, and interesting of writers”. In another article she explains that ”though personally we are far from agreeing with all his opinions – for having been a priest, Éliphas Lévi could never rid himself to his last day of a certain theological bias – we are yet prepared to always lend a respectful ear to the teachings of so learned a Kabbalist.<ref>''The Theosophist'', Vol. II, No. 10, July 1881, p. 212</ref>
 
One of his devoted students, the Theosophist, [[Mary Gebhard]], who met him when he lived in Paris and helped him at the end of his life, when he had financial difficulties wrote:
 
<blockquote>”I found in him what I have never met in any other individual since – a profound knowledge on occult subjects; I believe there was not a book on mysticism that he had not read. He had a wonderful memory and a marvelous flow of language, his expressions and illustrations being of the choicest and rarest character. One could sit for hours listening to his eloquent discourses on the occult side of nature.  With all these wonderful gifts he combined a benevolent, noble, and truthful nature. Never did I leave his presence without feeling that my own nature had been uplifted to nobler and better things, and I look upon Éliphas Lévi as one of the truest friends I ever had, for he taught me the highest truth which is in the power of man or woman to grasp.”<ref>Mary Gebhard, "Personal Recollections of Eliphas Lévi" ''The Theosophist'' Vol. VII, No. 76, January 1886, page 241. Accessed at [https://theosophy.world/sites/default/files/Theosophical%20Publications/The%20Theosophist/1886/the_theosophist_vol_7_jan_1886.pdf Theosophy World]</ref></blockquote>
 
Some of the unpublished writings on occult sciences by Éliphas Lévi were published in ''The Theosophist'' between February 1884 and November 1884 as “The Veil of the Temple Rent” and “Stray Thoughts” appeared in  December 1884. These are the titles:
 
::1. On Universal Mythology<br>
::2. The Great Arcanum and the Great Work<br>
::3. What is Necessary to Become Initiated<br>
::4. The Object of Initiation<br>
::5. The Pope and the Sphinx<br>
::6. What we should Will; What we should Dare; and about what we should keep Silent<br>
::7. Power and Forces<br>
::8. How to govern Influences through Power<br>
::9. The Sacred Books of Science<br>
::10. Magnetic Irregularities and Crimes against Nature + Stray Thoughts<br>
 
==Baphomet==
[[File: Baphomet.jpg|left|240px|thumb|Baphomet]]
 
Since 1856, the name Baphomet - a deity that the Knights Templar were falsely accused of worshipping - has been associated with a "Sabbatic Goat" image drawn by Éliphas Lévi which contains binary elements representing the '''"sum total of the universe"'''. Originally a sacred goat in the Egyptian city of Mendes, the Goat of Mendes was conflated by later occult writers with the Christian devil, Baphomet.<ref> Lévi, Éliphas. The Doctrine and Ritual of High Magic. (2017) Penguin Random House LLC. New York, N.Y. page 10n30.</ref>. Lévi mentioned Baphomet often in his works, especially in the ''Doctrine'' and ''Ritual of High Magic''. <ref> Lévi, Éliphas. ''The Doctrine and Ritual of High Magic''. (2017) Penguin Random House LLC. New York, N.Y. pages 10, 15, 172, 251, 315-324, 368.</ref>Lévi's depiction of Baphomet is similar to that of The Devil in early Tarot. <ref> Lévi, Éliphas. ''The Doctrine and Ritual of High Magic''. (2017) Penguin Random House LLC. New York, N.Y. page 316.</ref>
 
It has been recently argued that Baphomet should be seen as more than a symbolization of Lévi’s magical theory. Éliphas Lévi, as one of many socialists who had been disillusioned by the failed revolution of 1848, developed his occultism in distinct opposition to “false” socialism and “false” Catholicism, the two constant points of reference in his writings, which consequently functioned as his main identity markers. The monstrous figure of the Baphomet is an embodiment of all those aspects: the final synthesis of science, religion, philosophy, and politics, which would be realized through the progressive decryption of the tradition of “true” religion and the creation of the Kingdom of God on Earth.<ref>Strube, Julian. ''The “Baphomet” of Eliphas Lévi: Its Meaning and Historical Context''. Correspondences 4 (2016) 37–79. Accessed in [correspondencesjournal.com correspondencesjournal.com].</ref><br><br>
 
== Assessment==
 
Self-referential esoterics doing research agree since the end of the 19th century that the French word ''occultisme'' has been popularized first by Éliphas Lévi before the word started appearing in other languages. The writings by Lévi gave direction to the writings by H.P. Blavatsky, who used the English word '''[[occultism]]''' the first time in an article with the title "A Few Questions to Hiraf" in 1875.  In [[Isis Unveiled (book)|''Isis Unveiled'']] she referred explicitly to Lévi when defining the term occultist. <ref>Strube, Julian (2016), Sozialismus, Katholizismus und Okkultismus im Frankreich des 19. Jahrhundert: Die Genealogie der Schriften von Eliphas Lévi. Walter de Gruyter Gmbh & Co. Chapter 1.1.1. – Kindle edition</ref>
 
The generation of occultists that followed Lévi regarded him as its guide and master and his name was not only revered in France. <ref>McIntosh, 141-153.</ref><ref>Lachman, 45.</ref> The famous occultist Aleister Crowley even thought to be his reincarnation.<ref>Strube, Julian (2016), Sozialismus, Katholizismus und Okkultismus im Frankreich des 19. Jahrhundert: Die Genealogie der Schriften von Eliphas Lévi. Walter de Gruyter Gmbh & Co. Chapter 1.1.1. – Kindle edition.</ref>
 
Even though, many people who read his works are disappointed because a lot of his writings are pompous, confused, and naïve, and contain contradictions. He was a radical and traditionalist, a rationalist and a believer in the supra-rational, an occultist and an orthodox Catholic and his writings are full of apparent inconsistencies. One should remember though, that Lévi did not develop his occult philosophy suddenly; he evolved towards it and therefore changed course several times. In the end, he did find a method and a point of view.
 
Lévi was an occult philosopher whose occult philosophy was based on faith, science, and reason even though this combination seems incompatible to many. He was a man who might have known next to nothing about magical tradition and who covered up his ignorance by pretending to hold back knowledge.
 
Much of what Lévi wrote was based on ideas that were common currency in western occultism as expounded in the works of such writers as Trithemius, [[Paracelsus]], and [[Cornelius Agrippa]]. But his most startling innovation was in connecting the Kabbalah with the Tarot and modern occultists take this connection for granted. <ref>McIntosh, 141-153.</ref> For Lévi, the Cabal represented the widest possible synthesis of occult systems and schools. At the origin of the entire esoteric tradition, he believed, stood the Cabala; every separate batch leads back to it and is included within it. <ref>Williams, A. Thomas. Eliphas Levi: Master of Occultism. The University of Alabama Press, 1975. Page 78</ref>The Tarot, according to Alphonse Constant, is the magus' own Rosetta Stone, the long lost key to occultism's hieroglyphics. Its symbols sum up, mutely and without the distortion of speech, the secret heart of every esoteric tradition. The Tarot for him is the universal synthesis of all mystical experiences and of all occult science. All essential knowledge is contained in its figures. For him the unquestioned authority of the Tarot and the universality of its symbolism pointed to the most ancient origin. It was the informing doctrine of the Cabala, Zoroastrianism, the mystery religions, and of early Christianity.<ref>Williams, A. Thomas. Eliphas Levi: Master of Occultism. The University of Alabama Press, 1975. Pages 128-132</ref>He also brought in certain new ideas, one of the most important being his theory of the [[Astral Light]] as mentioned above.
 
Lévi changed the '''popular concept of magic'''. Whereas magic had until then been regarded by most people as a means of manipulating forces of nature, he presented it as a way of drawing the will through certain channels and turning the magician into a more fully realized human being.
 
Apart from the bad treatment of his mistress Eugénie, the mother of the son he never saw, Lévi was an honorable man. His courage, honesty, warmth and compassion, as much as his teachings, endeared him to his pupils. <ref>McIntosh, 141-153.</ref>
 
== Online resources ==
===Articles===
*[https://www.theosophy.world/encyclopedia/levi-zahed-eliphas] Levi Zahed, Éliphas at Theosopedia
*[http://www.blavatsky.net/index.php/stray-thoughts-on-death-and-satan Stray Thoughts on Death and Satan] by H. P. Blavatsky
 
== Notes ==
<references/>
 
[[Category:Writers|Levi, Eliphas]]
[[Category:Poets|Levi, Eliphas]]
[[Category:Christian clergy|Levi, Eliphas]]
[[Category:Christians|Levi, Eliphas]]
[[Category:Mystics|Levi, Eliphas]]
[[Category:Imprisoned|Levi, Eliphas]]
[[Category:Nationality French|Levi, Eliphas]]
[[Category:Pseudonyms|Levi, Eliphas]]
[[Category:People|Levi, Eliphas]]

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