Herbert Spencer: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Herbert Spencer.jpg|right|200px]] | [[File:Herbert Spencer.jpg|right|200px]] | ||
'''Herbert Spencer''' ([[April 27]], 1820 – [[December 8]], 1903) was | '''Herbert Spencer''' ([[April 27]], 1820 – [[December 8]], 1903) was a prominent English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. During his lifetime he achieved tremendous authority, mainly in English-speaking academia. | ||
He | Spencer is best known for coining the expression "survival of the fittest" in his ''Principles of Biology'' (1864), after reading Charles Darwin's ''On the Origin of Species''. He supported the theory of [[evolution]] and expanded it to embrace not only the development of the physical world and biological organisms but also of the human mind and culture. | ||
He contributed to a wide range of subjects besides biology, including ethics, religion, anthropology, economics, political theory, philosophy, literature, sociology, and psychology. | |||
Spencer's reputation among the Victorians owed a great deal to his agnosticism | Spencer's reputation among the Victorians owed a great deal to his agnosticism. However, Spencer insisted that he did not want to undermine religion in the name of science, but to bring about a reconciliation of the two. | ||
Spencer argued that either from the point of view of religion or science, whether we are concerned | Spencer argued that either from the point of view of religion or science, whether we are concerned proposing a Creator or a substratum that underlies our experience of phenomena, we can frame no conception of it. Therefore, religion and science agree in the supreme truth that the ultimate reality ('the absolute') cannot be grasped by human understanding, which is only capable of "relative" knowledge. For this reason [[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky|H. P. Blavatsky]] wrote that Spencer "like Schopenhauer and von Hartmann, only reflects an aspect of the old [[esotericism|esoteric]] philosophers, and hence lands his readers on the bleak shore of Agnostic despair..."<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''The Secret Doctrine'' vol. I, (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993), 19, fn.</ref> He called this principle "the Unknowable", and thought that the It represented the ultimate stage in the evolution of religion, the final elimination of its last anthropomorphic vestiges. In reference to this position, Mme. Blavatsky wrote: | ||
He called this principle "the Unknowable", and thought that the | |||
<blockquote>Herbert Spencer has of late so far modified his Agnosticism, as to assert that the nature of the “First Cause,” which the [[Occultism|Occultist]] more logically derives from the “Causeless Cause,” the “Eternal,” and the “Unknowable,” may be essentially the same as that of the [[Consciousness]] which wells up within us: in short, that the impersonal reality pervading the Kosmos is the pure [[noumenon]] of thought. This advance on his part brings him very near to the [[Esotericism|esoteric]] and [[Vedanta|Vedantin]] tenet.<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''The Secret Doctrine'' vol. I, (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993), 14.</ref></blockquote> | <blockquote>Herbert Spencer has of late so far modified his Agnosticism, as to assert that the nature of the “First Cause,” which the [[Occultism|Occultist]] more logically derives from the “Causeless Cause,” the “Eternal,” and the “Unknowable,” may be essentially the same as that of the [[Consciousness]] which wells up within us: in short, that the impersonal reality pervading the Kosmos is the pure [[noumenon]] of thought. This advance on his part brings him very near to the [[Esotericism|esoteric]] and [[Vedanta|Vedantin]] tenet.<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''The Secret Doctrine'' vol. I, (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993), 14.</ref></blockquote> | ||
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== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
[[Category:Scientists|Spencer, Herbert]] | [[Category:Scientists|Spencer, Herbert]] | ||
[[Category:Philosophers|Spencer, Herbert]] | [[Category:Philosophers|Spencer, Herbert]] | ||
[[Category:Nationality English|Spencer, Herbert]] | [[Category:Nationality English|Spencer, Herbert]] | ||
Revision as of 16:30, 7 July 2014
Herbert Spencer (April 27, 1820 – December 8, 1903) was a prominent English philosopher, biologist, anthropologist, sociologist, and classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. During his lifetime he achieved tremendous authority, mainly in English-speaking academia.
Spencer is best known for coining the expression "survival of the fittest" in his Principles of Biology (1864), after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. He supported the theory of evolution and expanded it to embrace not only the development of the physical world and biological organisms but also of the human mind and culture.
He contributed to a wide range of subjects besides biology, including ethics, religion, anthropology, economics, political theory, philosophy, literature, sociology, and psychology.
Spencer's reputation among the Victorians owed a great deal to his agnosticism. However, Spencer insisted that he did not want to undermine religion in the name of science, but to bring about a reconciliation of the two.
Spencer argued that either from the point of view of religion or science, whether we are concerned proposing a Creator or a substratum that underlies our experience of phenomena, we can frame no conception of it. Therefore, religion and science agree in the supreme truth that the ultimate reality ('the absolute') cannot be grasped by human understanding, which is only capable of "relative" knowledge. For this reason H. P. Blavatsky wrote that Spencer "like Schopenhauer and von Hartmann, only reflects an aspect of the old esoteric philosophers, and hence lands his readers on the bleak shore of Agnostic despair..."[1] He called this principle "the Unknowable", and thought that the It represented the ultimate stage in the evolution of religion, the final elimination of its last anthropomorphic vestiges. In reference to this position, Mme. Blavatsky wrote:
Herbert Spencer has of late so far modified his Agnosticism, as to assert that the nature of the “First Cause,” which the Occultist more logically derives from the “Causeless Cause,” the “Eternal,” and the “Unknowable,” may be essentially the same as that of the Consciousness which wells up within us: in short, that the impersonal reality pervading the Kosmos is the pure noumenon of thought. This advance on his part brings him very near to the esoteric and Vedantin tenet.[2]