S. Subramania Iyer

Sir Subbier Subramania Iyer KCIE (Tamil: சுப்பையர் சுப்பிரமணிய ஐயர்) (1 October 1842 – 5 December 1924) was an Indian lawyer, jurist, and freedom fighter who worked with Annie Besant to establish the Indian Home Rule Movement.

Early Days

Subbaiyar Subramania Iyer was born of Brahman parents on 1 October 1842 in Madura (now Madurai) District, South India. He was brought up amid the enlivening and chastening circumstances of a high-caste Hindu family and hence had access to education in English very early in life. His mind was thus open in its formative period to the influences introduced by the West. His father Subbaiyar was a trusted Vakil or agent of the Zamindar of Ramnad (Madura District). He died in 1844 when Subramaniam was only two years old. Young Subramaniam had his early schooling in a Christian Mission, then in an English school, and in 1856 he entered Zilla High School. He was successful in various fields and passed the highest examination in that school in 1859. His name appeared in the official Gazette and caught the eye of the Collector of the District, and soon the successful young man started his career in Government service as a clerk.

While serving as a clerk, Subramania Iyer passed the examination to become a pleader at the head of the list for the Madras Presidency, but he was not given permission to practise. However, when the Criminal Procedure Code came into force in 1862, his legal qualifications found recognition.

Career As A Lawyer

The year 1857 saw the establishment of the University of Madras and in 1864 the High Court in Madras came into existence. Under its rules anyone who took the Bachelor of Law degree at Madras University and studied for a year under a practitioner of the High Court could be admitted to plead before it. Subramania Iyer took the opportunity to go in for higher studies and became a student once again. Though working all day in the office, he passed the Matriculation examination in 1865, Fellow of Arts in 1866 and Bachelor of Law in 1868 — all by private study. These added qualifications secured him promotion to the office of Tahsildar, but he soon resigned and apprenticed himself to an English Barrister who was also the Official Reporter to the High Court. Subramania Iyer became a reporter to the High Court himself and was formally admitted to the Bar in 1869. Within a few months he was able to start his career and returned to Madura where he practised for fourteen years.

In 1870, as a young man of twenty-eight, blossoming into a leader of the Bar, he was appointed the Municipal Commissioner of Madura, in which capacity he did much for that city. He was also a member of the Madura District Board. In 1873 he won a suit against a temple committee for discrepancies in their accounts, after which he strove hard throughout his life to introduce rectitude into the management of temples. He founded the Dharma Rakshana Sabha for carrying out reforms and for the redress of grievances in the management of Hindu temples. He was also the pioneer of a movement which culminated in the passing of the Hindu Religious Endowments Act and the establishment of the Hindu Religious Endowments Board. Later, as a Judge, he advocated that surplus temple funds be used for religious education and amenities for pilgrims. In 1875, when H. M. the late Emperor Edward visited Madura as Prince of Wales, Subramania Iyer was chosen to be the spokesman of the town and presented its loyal address of welcome. In 1877, recognition of his work came to Mr Iyer in the form of a Certificate of Merit awarded by Lord Lytton at Delhi. In 1884 Sir M. E. Grant Duff, Governor of Madras, visited Madura and, recognizing the worth of Subramania Iyer, nominated him a non-official member of the Madras Legislative Council.

The year 1884 was a turning point in Subramania Iyer’s life. He lost his wife and had to come to terms with his grief. He came into contact with Col. H. S. Olcott and joined The Theosophical Society, of which he remained a staunch and loyal member till the end. It was in Madras that he first met Mr T. Subba Row, a Hindu scholar and Theosophist, who much impressed him.

In December 1884 Subramania Iyer was one of the seventeen men of the Provisional Committee formed in Madras that began the long struggle for India’s freedom and evolved the scheme of a national assembly. In 1885 the Indian National Congress held its first formal session in Bombay. Mr Iyer, as one of the co-founders, contributed significant information about the working of the Legislative Councils. This is one of the instances of Mr Iyer’s advocacy of popular government — long before the arrival of Annie Besant in India. In the same year Mr Iyer moved to Madras and took up practice in the High Court, thus widening the sphere of his activity. He was also appointed a Fellow of the University. From this time onwards he was a constant adviser of the President of The Theosophical Society, Col. Olcott, and was made a member of the Executive Committee.

In 1887, the British Government gave expression to their appreciation of Subramania Iyer’s work; he became the first Indian to be appointed Government Pleader and Public Prosecutor. Owing to his unique abilities, high character and distinction, Mr Iyer was able to break down the prevalent racial prejudice and be accepted, and to enter for the first time into what had been regarded as the close preserve of the Europeans. At the end of his first term of office the Chief Justice wrote him a special letter of appreciation for his work. In 1895 he rose to the Bench of Madras High Court and till his retirement in 1907 he continued to be an honoured Judge, thrice being raised to Acting Chief Justice — in 1899, 1903 and 1906. The Privy Council recognized him as ‘a Hindu lawyer of great distinction’ and showed deference to his views; the public idolized him as one who never failed to temper justice with mercy.

The British Government, recognizing his brilliant work in his profession and his contribution to public welfare as a non-official member of the Legislative Council, made him a C.I.E. — ‘Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire’ — in 1889. In 1891 he was given the Indian title of ‘Diwan Bahadur’, and in 1900 he was made a ‘Knight Commander of the Indian Empire’ and became Sir Subramania Iyer. He retired from the office of Judge in November 1907, owing to failing eyesight.