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{{About|the research concept acknowledging the use of another's ideas}}
'''<nowiki>TS WIKI NOTE: This article was copied from Wikipedia as part of the installation process for the <references/> feature that creates footnotes. Intra-wiki links in this article have been modified to refer to Wikipedia articles named, rather than creating articles with the same names in TS Wiki. Links were removed from many terms and replaced with boldface, and the article was simplified.</nowiki>'''
{{Selfref|"Citation needed" redirects here. For the Wikipedia tag, see [[Template:Citation needed]]. For Wikipedia's citation guideline, see [[Wikipedia:Citing sources]]. For Wikipedia's citation templates, see [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]], which includes [[:Template:Citation]].}}
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Broadly, a '''citation''' is a [[reference]] to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression (e.g. [Newell84]) embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).
Broadly, a '''citation''' is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference reference] to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression (e.g. [Newell84]) embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).


A prime purpose of a citation is intellectual honesty: to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, and to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way.
A prime purpose of a citation is intellectual honesty: to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, and to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way.
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The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally accepted citations systems, such as the Oxford,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |title=Oxford Referencing System |accessdate=18 January 2011}}</ref> Harvard, MLA, American Sociological Association (ASA), American Psychological Association (APA), and other citations systems, as their syntactic conventions are widely known and easily interpreted by readers. Each of these citation systems has its respective advantages and disadvantages relative to the trade-offs of being informative (but not too disruptive) and thus are chosen relative to the needs of the type of publication being crafted.  Editors will often specify the citation system to use.
The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally accepted citations systems, such as the Oxford,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html |title=Oxford Referencing System |accessdate=18 January 2011}}</ref> Harvard, MLA, American Sociological Association (ASA), American Psychological Association (APA), and other citations systems, as their syntactic conventions are widely known and easily interpreted by readers. Each of these citation systems has its respective advantages and disadvantages relative to the trade-offs of being informative (but not too disruptive) and thus are chosen relative to the needs of the type of publication being crafted.  Editors will often specify the citation system to use.


Bibliographies, and other list-like compilations of references, are generally not considered citations because they do not fulfil the true spirit of the term: deliberate acknowledgement by other authors of the priority of one's ideas.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
Bibliographies, and other list-like compilations of references, are generally not considered citations because they do not fulfil the true spirit of the term: deliberate acknowledgement by other authors of the priority of one's ideas


==Concepts==
==Concepts==
*A '''bibliographic citation''' is a reference to a [[book]], [[article (publishing)|article]], [[web page]], or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |title=Library glossary |accessdate=2009-02-27 |date=August 22, 2008 |work= |publisher=[[Benedictine University]] | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080430220849/http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm| archivedate = April 30, 2008}}</ref> Different citation systems and styles are used in [[scientific citation]], [[legal citation]], [[prior art]], and [[the arts]] and the [[humanities]].
*A '''bibliographic citation''' is a reference to a '''book''', '''article''', '''web page''', or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm |title=Library glossary |accessdate=2009-02-27 |date=August 22, 2008 |work= |publisher=Benedictine University | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080430220849/http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm| archivedate = April 30, 2008}}</ref> Different citation systems and styles are used in '''scientific citation''', '''legal citation''', '''prior art''', and '''the arts''' and the '''humanities'''.


== Citation content ==
== Citation content ==
Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:
Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:
*''Book:'' author(s), book title, publisher, date of publication, and page number(s) if appropriate.<ref>[[Long Island University]].</ref><ref>[[Duke University]] Libraries 2007.</ref>
*'''Book:''' author(s), book title, publisher, date of publication, and page number(s) if appropriate.<ref>Long Island University.</ref><ref>Duke University Libraries 2007.</ref>
*''Journal:'' author(s), article title, journal title, date of publication, and page number(s).
*'''Journal:''' author(s), article title, journal title, date of publication, and page number(s).
*''Newspaper:'' author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section title and page number(s) if desired, date of publication.
*'''Newspaper:''' author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section title and page number(s) if desired, date of publication.
*''Web site:'' author(s), article and publication title where appropriate, as well as a [[Uniform Resource Locator|URL]], and a date when the site was accessed.
*'''Web site:''' author(s), article and publication title where appropriate, as well as a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform Resource Locator URL], and a date when the site was accessed.
*''Play:'' inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4.452-53).<ref name=Brigham>[[Brigham Young University]] 2008.</ref>
*'''Play:''' inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4.452-53).<ref name=Brigham>Brigham Young University 2008.</ref>
*''Poem:'' spaced [[Slash (punctuation)#In English text|slashes]] are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and [[Parenthetical referencing|parenthetical citations]] usually include the line number(s). For example: "For I must love because I live&nbsp;/ And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15&ndash;16).<ref name=Brigham/>
*'''Poem:''' spaced '''slashes''' are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthetical referencing parenthetical citations] usually include the line number(s). For example: "For I must love because I live&nbsp;/ And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15&ndash;16).<ref name=Brigham/>


=== Unique identifiers ===
=== Unique identifiers ===
Along with [[information]] such as author(s), date of [[publication]], [[title]] and [[page number]]s, citations may also include [[unique]] identifiers depending on the type of work being referred to.
Along with information such as author(s), date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include unique identifiers depending on the type of work being referred to.
* Citations of books may include an [[International Standard Book Number]] (ISBN).
* Citations of books may include an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International Standard Book Number International Standard Book Number] (ISBN).
* Specific volumes, articles or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated [[Serial Item and Contribution Identifier]] (SICI).
* Specific volumes, articles or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial Item and Contribution Identifier] (SICI).
* Electronic documents may have a [[digital object identifier]] (DOI).
* Electronic documents may have a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital object identifier digital object identifier] (DOI).
* Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier ([[PMID]]).
* Biomedical research articles may have a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID PubMed Identifier ] (PMID).
*A '''citation number''', used in some citation systems, is a number or symbol added [[inline]] and usually in superscript, to refer readers to a footnote or endnote that cites the source. In other citation systems, an [[inline]] parenthetical reference is used rather than a citation number, with limited information such as the author's last name, year of publication, and page number referenced; a full identification of the source will then appear in an appended [[bibliography]].
*A '''citation number''', used in some citation systems, is a number or symbol added '''inline''' and usually in superscript, to refer readers to a footnote or endnote that cites the source. In other citation systems, an inline parenthetical reference is used rather than a citation number, with limited information such as the author's last name, year of publication, and page number referenced; a full identification of the source will then appear in an appended [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography bibliography].


== Citation systems ==
== Citation systems ==
Broadly speaking, there are two citation systems:<ref>[[University of Maryland, College Park]] 2006.</ref><ref name=YaleUni>[[Yale University]] 2008.</ref><ref name=ColoradoStateUni>[[Colorado State University]] 2008.</ref>
Broadly speaking, there are two citation systems:<ref>University of Maryland, College Park 2006.</ref><ref name=YaleUni>Yale University 2008.</ref><ref name=ColoradoStateUni>Colorado State University 2008.</ref>


=== Note systems ===
=== Note systems ===
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===Parenthetical referencing===
===Parenthetical referencing===
[[Parenthetical referencing]] also known as Harvard referencing where full or partial, in-text citations are enclosed within parentheses and embedded in the paragraph, as opposed to the footnote style.
Parenthetical referencing also known as Harvard referencing where full or partial, in-text citations are enclosed within parentheses and embedded in the paragraph, as opposed to the footnote style.


An example of a parenthetical reference would be:
An example of a parenthetical reference would be:
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== Citation styles ==
== Citation styles ==
{{styles}}
Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the Humanities and the Sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The Chicago Manual of Style The Chicago Manual of Style], are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems.<ref name=ColoradoStateUni/> Others, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLA style manual MLA] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA style APA] styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system.<ref name=YaleUni/> These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.<ref>California State University 2007.</ref><ref>Lesley University 2007.</ref><ref>Rochester Institute of Technology 2003.</ref> The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style.
{{Main|APA style|MLA style|The Chicago Manual of Style|Bluebook|ALWD Citation Manual|ASA style|Harvard referencing|Vancouver system}}


Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the Humanities and the Sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as [[the Chicago Manual of Style]], are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems.<ref name=ColoradoStateUni/> Others, such as [[MLA style manual|MLA]] and [[APA style|APA]] styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system.<ref name=YaleUni/> These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.<ref>[[California State University]] 2007.</ref><ref>[[Lesley University]] 2007.</ref><ref>[[Rochester Institute of Technology]] 2003.</ref> The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style.
A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus pagination Stephanus pagination] for [[Plato]]; [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekker numbers Bekker numbers] for [[Aristotle]]; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare Shakespeare] notation by play, act and scene.
 
A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: [[Stephanus pagination]] for [[Plato]]; [[Bekker numbers]] for [[Aristotle]]; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or [[Shakespeare]] notation by play, act and scene.


Some examples of style guides include:
Some examples of style guides include:


=== Humanities ===
=== Humanities ===
*The [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago Style]] (CMOS) was developed and its guide is ''The Chicago Manual of Style''.  It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. Its derivative is the closely related [[Turabian]] style which is designed for student references and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists and mandatory access date citation.
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The Chicago Manual of Style Chicago Style] (CMOS) was developed and its guide is ''The Chicago Manual of Style''.  It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. Its derivative is the closely related [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turabian Turabian] style which is designed for student references and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists and mandatory access date citation.
*The Columbia Style was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
*The '''Columbia Style''' was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
*''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace'' by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.<ref name="evidence">Mills, Elizabeth Shown. ''Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace.'' 2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009. Two supplemental guides provide more-specialized coverage of online sources. (1) ''QuickSheet: Citing Online Historical Resources, Evidence! Style.'' Baltimore: GPC, 2005. (2) ''QuickSheet: Citing Ancestry.com Databases & Images, Evidence Style.'' 2d ed. Baltimore: GPC, 2009.</ref>
*'''''Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace''''' by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.<ref name="evidence">Mills, Elizabeth Shown. ''Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace.'' 2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009. Two supplemental guides provide more-specialized coverage of online sources. (1) ''QuickSheet: Citing Online Historical Resources, Evidence! Style.'' Baltimore: GPC, 2005. (2) ''QuickSheet: Citing Ancestry.com Databases & Images, Evidence Style.'' 2d ed. Baltimore: GPC, 2009.</ref>
*[[Harvard referencing]] (or author-date system) is a specific kind of [[parenthetical referencing]].  Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the [[BSI Group|British Standards Institution]] and the [[Modern Language Association]].  Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., "(Smith, 2000)", being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing Harvard referencing] (or author-date system) is a specific kind of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/parenthetical_referencing parenthetical referencing].  Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSI_Group|British_Standards_Institution British Standards Institution] and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Language_Association Modern Language Association].  Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., "(Smith, 2000)", being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article.
*[[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]] was developed by the [[Modern Language Association]] and is most often used in [[the arts]] and the [[humanities]], particularly in [[English studies]], other [[Literary criticism|literary studies]], including [[comparative literature]] and [[literary criticism]] in languages other than English ("[[foreign languages]]"), and some [[Interdisciplinarity|interdisciplinary]] studies, such as [[cultural studies]], [[drama]] and [[theatre]], [[film]], and other [[Mass media|media]], including [[television]].  This style of citations and bibliographical format uses [[parenthetical referencing]] with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-page (Smith, ''Contingencies'' 42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a "Works Cited" page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or endnotes). See ''[[The MLA Style Manual]]'' and ''[[The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers]]'', particularly [[The MLA Style Manual#Citation and bibliography format|Citation and bibliography format]].<ref>The field of [[Communication]] (or Communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the [[Modern Language Association|MLA]] and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often ''[[APA style|The Publication Manual of the APA]]'' ([[American Psychological Association]]); designated for short as "[[APA style]]".</ref>
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MLA_Style_Manual MLA style] was developed by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Language_Association Modern Language Association] and is most often used in '''the arts''' and the '''humanities''', particularly in English studies, other literary studies, including comparative literature and literary criticism in languages other than English, and some interdisciplinary studies, such as cultural studies, drama and theatre, film, and other media, including television.  This style of citations and bibliographical format uses [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/parenthetical_referencing parenthetical referencing] with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-page (Smith, ''Contingencies'' 42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a "Works Cited" page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or endnotes). See ''The MLA Style Manual'' and ''The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers'', particularly [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MLA_Style_Manual#Citation_and_bibliography_format citation and bibliography format].<ref>The field of Communication (or Communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Language_Association MLA] and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style The Publication Manual of the APA]'' (American Psychological Association); designated for short as '''"APA style"'''.</ref>
*The [[MHRA Style Guide]] is published by the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] (MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the [[United Kingdom]], where the MHRA is based.  It is available for sale both in the UK and in the [[United States]]. It is similar to [[The MLA Style Manual|MLA style]], but has some differences.  For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography.  Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.<ref>The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the ''[[MHRA Style Guide]]'' is downloadable for free from the [[Modern Humanities Research Association]] official Website.
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHRA_Style_Guide MHRA Style Guide] is published by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Humanities_Research_Association Modern Humanities Research Association] (MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based.  It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar MLA style, but has some differences.  For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography.  Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.<ref>The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MHRA_Guide MHRA Style Guide]'' is downloadable for free from the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern Humanities_Research_Association Modern Humanities Research Association] official Website.
</ref>
</ref>


In some areas of the Humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional [[footnotes]] (explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term "footnote" is actually used as a synonym for "reference", and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors.
In some areas of the Humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/footnotes footnotes] (explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term "footnote" is actually used as a synonym for "reference", and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors.


=== Law ===
=== Law ===
{{Main|Legal citation}}
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebook Bluebook] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.<ref>Martin 2007.</ref> At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/inline_citation inline citation]s which are either separate sentences or separate clauses.
*The [[Bluebook]] is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.<ref>Martin 2007.</ref> At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use [[inline citation]]s which are either separate sentences or separate clauses.
*The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the ''Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation'' (aka ''[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill Guide McGill Guide]''), published by ''McGill Law Journal''.<ref>''[http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide)]''. ''McGill Law Journal''.  Updated October 2008.  Retrieved on 2009-02-05.</ref>
*The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the ''Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation'' (aka ''[[McGill Guide]]''), published by ''McGill Law Journal''.<ref>''[http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/citeguide.php Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide)]''. ''McGill Law Journal''.  Updated October 2008.  Retrieved on 2009-02-05.</ref>
*British legal citation almost universally follows the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Standard_for_Citation_of_Legal_Authorities Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities] (OSCOLA)
*British legal citation almost universally follows the ''Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities'' (OSCOLA)


=== Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine ===
=== Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine ===
{{Main|Scientific citation}}
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society American Chemical Society] style, or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACS_style ACS style], is often used in '''chemistry''' and other physical sciences.  In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed.
*The [[American Chemical Society]] style, or [[ACS style]], is often used in [[chemistry]] and other physical sciences.  In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed.
*In the style of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics American Institute of Physics] (AIP style), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
*In the style of the [[American Institute of Physics]] (AIP style), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
*Styles developed for the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_Society Mathematical Society] (AMS), or AMS styles, such as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMS-LaTeX AMS-LaTeX], are typically implemented using the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX BibTeX] tool in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTeX LaTeX] typesetting environment. Brackets with author’s initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in-line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called a "''Authorship trigraph.''"
*Styles developed for the [[American Mathematical Society]] (AMS), or AMS styles, such as [[AMS-LaTeX]], are typically implemented using the [[BibTeX]] tool in the [[LaTeX]] typesetting environment. Brackets with author’s initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in-line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called a "''Authorship trigraph.''"
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_system Vancouver system], recommended by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Science_Editors Council of Science Editors] (CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
*The [[Vancouver system]], recommended by the [[Council of Science Editors]] (CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
**In one major variant, that used by the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers American Society of Mechanical Engineers] (ASME), citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.
**In one major variant, that used by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number.
**The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_of_Medical_Journal_Editors International Council of Medical Journal Editors] (ICMJE) is reportedly the original kernel of this biomedical style which evolved from the Vancouver 1978 editors' meeting.<ref>''[http://www.icmje.org Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals]''.</ref>  The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEDLINE MEDLINE]/[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed  PubMed] database uses this citation style and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine National Library of Medicine] provides [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Requirements_for_Manuscripts_Submitted_to_Biomedical_Journals Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals] "ICMJE -- Sample References".<ref>International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.  [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html "ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals -- Sample References"].</ref>
**The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) is reportedly the original kernel of this biomedical style which evolved from the Vancouver 1978 editors' meeting.<ref>''[http://www.icmje.org Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals]''.</ref>  The [[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]] database uses this citation style and the [[National Library of Medicine]] provides "ICMJE [[Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals]] -- Sample References".<ref>International Committee of Medical Journal Editors.  [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html "ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals -- Sample References"].</ref>
*The style of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers] (IEEE), or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Style IEEE style], encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/documents/stylemanual.pdf_IEEE Style Manual]. Accessed 2011-08-08.</ref>
*The style of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE), or [[IEEE_Style|IEEE style]], encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.<ref>[http://www.ieee.org/documents/stylemanual.pdf IEEE Style Manual]. Accessed 2011-08-08.</ref>
*'''Pechenik Citation Style''' is a style described in ''A Short Guide to Writing about Biology'',  6th ed. (2007), by Jan A. Pechenik.<ref>''[http://www.augustana.ca/files/group/418/pechenik_qg_november2007.pdf Pechenik_Citation Style QuickGuide]'' ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF PDF]).  University of Alberta, Augustana Campus, Canada.  World Wide Web.  November 2007.</ref>
*Pechenik Citation Style is a style described in ''A Short Guide to Writing about Biology'',  6th ed. (2007), by [[Jan Pechenik|Jan A. Pechenik]].<ref>''[http://www.augustana.ca/files/group/418/pechenik_qg_november2007.pdf Pechenik Citation Style QuickGuide]'' ([[PDF]]).  [[University of Alberta]], Augustana Campus, Canada.  [[World Wide Web|Web]].  November 2007.</ref>
*In 2006, Eugene Garfield proposed a bibliographic system for scientific literature, to consolidate the integrity of '''scientific publications'''.<ref name=cisn>{{cite journal
*In 2006, Eugene Garfield proposed a bibliographic system for scientific literature, to consolidate the integrity of [[scientific publishing|scientific publications]].<ref name=cisn>{{cite journal
   | last = Garfield
   | last = Garfield
   | first = Eugene
   | first = Eugene
Line 125: Line 120:


=== Social sciences ===
=== Social sciences ===
*The style of the [[American Psychological Association]], or [[APA style]], published in the [[Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association]], is most often used in [[social sciences]].  APA style uses [[Harvard referencing]] within the text, listing the author's name and year of publication, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper on a References page.
*The style of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association American Psychological Association], or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style APA style], published in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication_Manual_of_the_American_Psychological_Association Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association], is most often used in social sciences.  APA style uses [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing Harvard referencing] within the text, listing the author's name and year of publication, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper on a References page.
*The [[American Political Science Association]] publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field.<ref name=APSA>Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). ''The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing'' and ''Style Manual for Political Science''. Rev. ed. August 2006. [http://www.apsanet.org/content_6899.cfm?navID=248 APSAnet.org Publications].  Retrieved on 2009-02-05.</ref>  The style is close to the CMOS.
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association American Political Science Association] publishes both a style manual and a style guide for publications in this field.<ref name=APSA>Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). ''The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing'' and ''Style Manual for Political Science''. Rev. ed. August 2006. [http://www.apsanet.org/content_6899.cfm?navID=248 APSAnet.org Publications].  Retrieved on 2009-02-05.</ref>  The style is close to the CMOS.
*The [[American Anthropological Association]] utilizes a modified form of the [[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago Style]] laid out in their [http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidlines.cfm Publishing Style Guide].
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association American Anthropological Association] utilizes a modified form of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style Chicago Style] laid out in their [http://www.aaanet.org/publications/guidlines.cfm Publishing Style Guide].
*The [[ASA style]] of [[American Sociological Association]] is one of the main styles used in [[sociological]] publications.
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASA_style ASA style] of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Sociological_Association American Sociological Association] is one of the main styles used in sociological publications.


== Citation marks ==
== Citation marks ==
In the case of direct citations, the boundaries of a citation are apparent from the quotation marks. However, the boundaries of indirect citations are usually unknown. In order to clarify these boundaries, citation marks (˻…˼) can be used. Example:
In the case of direct citations, the boundaries of a citation are apparent from the quotation marks. However, the boundaries of indirect citations are usually unknown. In order to clarify these boundaries, citation marks (˻…˼) can be used. Example:


Line 147: Line 141:


== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[Acknowledgment (creative arts)]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acknowledgment_(creative_arts) Acknowledgment (creative arts)]
*[[Bible citation]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_citation Bible citation]
*[[Case citation]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_citation Case citation]
*[[Citation creator]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_creator Citation creator]
*[[Citation signal]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_signal Citation signal]
*[[Citationality]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citationality Citationality]
*[[Credit (creative arts)]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_(creative_arts) Credit (creative arts)]
*[[Cross-reference]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-reference Cross-reference]
*[[Scholarly method]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_method Scholarly method]
*[[Source evaluation]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_evaluation Source evaluation]
*[[Style guide]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_guide Style guide]


== Footnotes ==
== Footnotes ==
Line 169: Line 163:
*<cite id=refLesleyUni>{{cite web |url=http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |work=Lesley.edu |year=2005 |accessdate=2008-02-11| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071228053242/http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html| archivedate = December 28, 2007}}</cite>
*<cite id=refLesleyUni>{{cite web |url=http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |work=Lesley.edu |year=2005 |accessdate=2008-02-11| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071228053242/http://www.lesley.edu/library/guides/citation/apa.html| archivedate = December 28, 2007}}</cite>
*<cite id=refRIT>{{cite web |url=http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |work=RIT.edu |year=2003 |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</cite>
*<cite id=refRIT>{{cite web |url=http://wally.rit.edu/pubs/guides/apa.html |title=APA Citation Format |work=RIT.edu |year=2003 |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</cite>
*<cite id=refArmstrong 2007>{{cite journal |url=http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/ideas/pdf/armstrong2/armstrong-managementfolklore.pdf |title=The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science - On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such |journal=Interfaces |publisher=Institute of Management Sciences |location=[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] |first=J Scott |last=Armstrong |pages=28–42 |volume=26 |issue=4 |date = July 1996|oclc=210941768}}</cite>
*<cite id=refArmstrong 2007>{{cite journal |url=http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/ideas/pdf/armstrong2/armstrong-managementfolklore.pdf |title=The Ombudsman: Management Folklore and Management Science - On Portfolio Planning, Escalation Bias, and Such |journal=Interfaces |publisher=Institute of Management Sciences |location=Providence, Rhode Island |first=J Scott |last=Armstrong |pages=28–42 |volume=26 |issue=4 |date = July 1996|oclc=210941768}}</cite>
*<cite id=refASME>{{cite web |url=http://journaltool.asme.org/Help/AuthorHelp/WebHelp/JournalsHelp.htm |title=ASME Journals Digital Submission Tool |work=ASME.org |publisher=American Society of Mechanical Engineers |accessdate=2008-02-08}}</cite>
*<cite id=refASME>{{cite web |url=http://journaltool.asme.org/Help/AuthorHelp/WebHelp/JournalsHelp.htm |title=ASME Journals Digital Submission Tool |work=ASME.org |publisher=American Society of Mechanical Engineers |accessdate=2008-02-08}}</cite>
*<cite id=refBugeja2010>{{cite book |title=Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age |publisher=Litwin Books |location=Duluth, Minnesota |first=Michael |last=Bugeja |year=2010 |isbn=9781936117147 }}</cite>
*<cite id=refBugeja2010>{{cite book |title=Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age |publisher=Litwin Books |location=Duluth, Minnesota |first=Michael |last=Bugeja |year=2010 |isbn=9781936117147 }}</cite>
Line 180: Line 174:
*<cite id=refMartin2007>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |title=Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) |work=Cornell.edu |first=Peter W |last=Martin |origyear=1993 |date = May 2007|accessdate=2008-02-03}}</cite>
*<cite id=refMartin2007>{{cite web |url=http://www.law.cornell.edu/citation/ |title=Introduction to Basic Legal Citation (LII 2007 ed.) |work=Cornell.edu |first=Peter W |last=Martin |origyear=1993 |date = May 2007|accessdate=2008-02-03}}</cite>
*<cite id=refMHRA>{{cite web |url=http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |title=MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses|work=MHRA.org.uk |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association|year=2008|accessdate=2009-02-05}} (2nd ed.)</cite>
*<cite id=refMHRA>{{cite web |url=http://www.mhra.org.uk/Publications/Books/StyleGuide/ |title=MHRA Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors, Editors, and Writers of Theses|work=MHRA.org.uk |publisher=Modern Humanities Research Association|year=2008|accessdate=2009-02-05}} (2nd ed.)</cite>
*<cite id=refPechenik2004>{{cite book |title=A Short Guide to Writing About Biology |publisher=Pearson/Longman |location=[[New York City|New York]] |first=Jan A |last=Pechenik |year=2004 |edition=5th |isbn=0321159810 |oclc=52166026}}</cite>
*<cite id=refPechenik2004>{{cite book |title=A Short Guide to Writing About Biology |publisher=Pearson/Longman |location=New York |first=Jan A |last=Pechenik |year=2004 |edition=5th |isbn=0321159810 |oclc=52166026}}</cite>
*<cite id=refYaleUni>{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/bass/writing/sources/kinds/principles/why.html |title=Why Are There Different Citation Styles? |work=Yale.edu |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</cite>
*<cite id=refYaleUni>{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/bass/writing/sources/kinds/principles/why.html |title=Why Are There Different Citation Styles? |work=Yale.edu |year=2008 |accessdate=2008-02-11}}</cite>
*<cite id=refWright & Armstrong 2008>{{cite journal |url=http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/Marketing_Content_Management/Marketing_files/Publication_Files/Citations-Interfaces.pdf |title=The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge? |journal=Interfaces |publisher=Institute of Management Sciences |location=[[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] |first=Malcolm |last=Wright |coauthors=Armstrong, J Scott |pages=125–139 |volume=38 |issue=2 |date = March 2008|oclc=229821277 |doi=10.1287/inte.1070.0317 |format= &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3AWright+intitle%3AThe+Ombudsman%3A+Verification+of+Citations%3A+Fawlty+Towers+of+Knowledge%3F&as_publication=Interface&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}} {{Dead link|date=March 2009}}</cite>
*<cite id=refWright & Armstrong 2008>{{cite journal |url=http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/Marketing_Content_Management/Marketing_files/Publication_Files/Citations-Interfaces.pdf |title=The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge? |journal=Interfaces |publisher=Institute of Management Sciences |location=Providence, Rhode Island |first=Malcolm |last=Wright |coauthors=Armstrong, J Scott |pages=125–139 |volume=38 |issue=2 |date = March 2008|oclc=229821277 |doi=10.1287/inte.1070.0317 |format= &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3AWright+intitle%3AThe+Ombudsman%3A+Verification+of+Citations%3A+Fawlty+Towers+of+Knowledge%3F&as_publication=Interface&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}} {{Dead link|date=March 2009}}</cite>
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{wiktionary|citation needed}}
{{Commons category|Citation needed}}
;Guidelines
;Guidelines
*[http://www.library.unt.edu/govinfo/browse-topics/citation-guides-and-style-manuals/citing-government-documents/?searchterm=citing%20government Citing Government Documents/Government Agency Style Manuals], University of North Texas Libraries.
*[http://www.library.unt.edu/govinfo/browse-topics/citation-guides-and-style-manuals/citing-government-documents/?searchterm=citing%20government Citing Government Documents/Government Agency Style Manuals], University of North Texas Libraries.
*[http://www.documentit.co.uk/download.php Document it Citation and Referee AMS], and the [[AMSRefs]] package.
*[http://www.documentit.co.uk/download.php Document it Citation and Referee AMS], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMSRefs AMSRefs] package.
*[http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html Guide to Citation Style Guides]
*[http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html Guide to Citation Style Guides]
*[http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/citex.html ONLINE! Citation Styles (An online guide to different citation formats)]
*[http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/citex.html ONLINE! Citation Styles (An online guide to different citation formats)]
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*[http://www.makecitation.com "Cater all your Citation needs?"], ''Makecitation.com''
*[http://www.makecitation.com "Cater all your Citation needs?"], ''Makecitation.com''
;Examples
;Examples
*[http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/software/latex/showbst.html Illustrated examples], generated using [[BibTeX]], of several major styles, including more than those listed above.
*[http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/software/latex/showbst.html Illustrated examples], generated using [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX BibTeX], of several major styles, including more than those listed above.
*PDF file [http://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/reference/faq/bibstyles.pdf bibstyles.pdf] illustrates how several bibliographic styles appear with citations and reference entries, generated using [[BibTeX]].
*PDF file [http://amath.colorado.edu/documentation/LaTeX/reference/faq/bibstyles.pdf bibstyles.pdf] illustrates how several bibliographic styles appear with citations and reference entries, generated using [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX BibTeX].


;Style guides
;Style guides
*[http://www.citationintext.com/2011/06/mla-book-citation-paper/]
*[http://www.citationintext.com/2011/06/mla-book-citation-paper/ MLA]
*[http://www.imperialtometric.com/footnote How to write footnotes, endnotes and electronic references in a proper format]
*[http://www.imperialtometric.com/footnote How to write footnotes, endnotes and electronic references in a proper format]
*Swarthmore library's Guide to Citation Styles for [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Documents/library/reftip_citesci.pdf Science] and [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Documents/library/reftip_citestyle.pdf Humanities].
*Swarthmore library's Guide to Citation Styles for [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Documents/library/reftip_citesci.pdf Science] and [http://www.swarthmore.edu/Documents/library/reftip_citestyle.pdf Humanities].
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*[http://www.thehistorysite.org thehistorysite.org] Online resources for historical research and writing.
*[http://www.thehistorysite.org thehistorysite.org] Online resources for historical research and writing.


[[Category:Bibliography]]
[[Category:TSWiki infrastructure]]
[[Category:Reference]]
 
[[ar:استشهاد]]
[[bs:Citati]]
[[ca:Citació]]
[[cs:Citace]]
[[de:Zitation]]
[[es:Referencia bibliográfica]]
[[fi:Lähdeviittaus]]
[[fr:Citation_(littérature)]]
[[hr:Citiranje radova]]
[[mn:Ишлэл]]
[[ja:参考文献]]
[[pl:Cytat]]
[[pt:Citação]]
[[zh:引用]]

Latest revision as of 15:55, 12 July 2012

TS WIKI NOTE: This article was copied from Wikipedia as part of the installation process for the <references/> feature that creates footnotes. Intra-wiki links in this article have been modified to refer to Wikipedia articles named, rather than creating articles with the same names in TS Wiki. Links were removed from many terms and replaced with boldface, and the article was simplified.

Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression (e.g. [Newell84]) embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not).

A prime purpose of a citation is intellectual honesty: to attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct sources, and to allow the reader to determine independently whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the claimed way.

The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally accepted citations systems, such as the Oxford,[1] Harvard, MLA, American Sociological Association (ASA), American Psychological Association (APA), and other citations systems, as their syntactic conventions are widely known and easily interpreted by readers. Each of these citation systems has its respective advantages and disadvantages relative to the trade-offs of being informative (but not too disruptive) and thus are chosen relative to the needs of the type of publication being crafted. Editors will often specify the citation system to use.

Bibliographies, and other list-like compilations of references, are generally not considered citations because they do not fulfil the true spirit of the term: deliberate acknowledgement by other authors of the priority of one's ideas

Concepts

  • A bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article, web page, or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely.[2] Different citation systems and styles are used in scientific citation, legal citation, prior art, and the arts and the humanities.

Citation content

Citation content can vary depending on the type of source and may include:

  • Book: author(s), book title, publisher, date of publication, and page number(s) if appropriate.[3][4]
  • Journal: author(s), article title, journal title, date of publication, and page number(s).
  • Newspaper: author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section title and page number(s) if desired, date of publication.
  • Web site: author(s), article and publication title where appropriate, as well as a Resource Locator URL, and a date when the site was accessed.
  • Play: inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4.452-53).[5]
  • Poem: spaced slashes are normally used to indicate separate lines of a poem, and referencing parenthetical citations usually include the line number(s). For example: "For I must love because I live / And life in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15–16).[5]

Unique identifiers

Along with information such as author(s), date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include unique identifiers depending on the type of work being referred to.

  • Citations of books may include an Standard Book Number International Standard Book Number (ISBN).
  • Specific volumes, articles or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI).
  • Electronic documents may have a object identifier digital object identifier (DOI).
  • Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier (PMID).
  • A citation number, used in some citation systems, is a number or symbol added inline and usually in superscript, to refer readers to a footnote or endnote that cites the source. In other citation systems, an inline parenthetical reference is used rather than a citation number, with limited information such as the author's last name, year of publication, and page number referenced; a full identification of the source will then appear in an appended bibliography.

Citation systems

Broadly speaking, there are two citation systems:[6][7][8]

Note systems

Note systems involve the use of sequential numbers in the text which refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (a note on a separate page at the end of the paper) which gives the source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full note form or a shortened note form.

For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system without a full bibliography could look like this:

"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance."1

The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:

1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, On Death and Dying (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45–60.

In a paper which contains a full bibliography, the shortened note could look like this:

1. Kübler-Ross, On Death and Dying 45–60.

and the bibliography entry, which would be required with a shortened note, would look like this:

Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. On Death and Dying. New York: Macmillan, 1969.

In the humanities, many authors use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading.[9]

Parenthetical referencing

Parenthetical referencing also known as Harvard referencing where full or partial, in-text citations are enclosed within parentheses and embedded in the paragraph, as opposed to the footnote style.

An example of a parenthetical reference would be:

(Smith 2010, p. 1)

Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Alternately a list of the citations with complete bibliographical references may be included in an end section sorted alphabetically by author's last name.

This section may be known as:

  • References
  • Bibliography
  • Works cited
  • Works consulted

Citation styles

Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the Humanities and the Sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as Chicago Manual of Style The Chicago Manual of Style, are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems.[8] Others, such as style manual MLA and style APA styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system.[7] These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles.[10][11][12] The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style.

A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: pagination Stephanus pagination for Plato; numbers Bekker numbers for Aristotle; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or Shakespeare notation by play, act and scene.

Some examples of style guides include:

Humanities

  • The Chicago Manual of Style Chicago Style (CMOS) was developed and its guide is The Chicago Manual of Style. It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. Its derivative is the closely related Turabian style which is designed for student references and is distinguished from the CMOS by omission of quotation marks in reference lists and mandatory access date citation.
  • The Columbia Style was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
  • Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace by Elizabeth Shown Mills covers primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, court, land, government, business, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.[13]
  • Harvard referencing (or author-date system) is a specific kind of parenthetical referencing. Parenthetical referencing is recommended by both the British Standards Institution and the Modern Language Association. Harvard referencing involves a short author-date reference, e.g., "(Smith, 2000)", being inserted after the cited text within parentheses and the full reference to the source being listed at the end of the article.
  • MLA style was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in the arts and the humanities, particularly in English studies, other literary studies, including comparative literature and literary criticism in languages other than English, and some interdisciplinary studies, such as cultural studies, drama and theatre, film, and other media, including television. This style of citations and bibliographical format uses parenthetical referencing with author-page (Smith 395) or author-[short] title-page (Smith, Contingencies 42) in the case of more than one work by the same author within parentheses in the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a "Works Cited" page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnotes or endnotes). See The MLA Style Manual and The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, particularly citation and bibliography format.[14]
  • The MHRA Style Guide is published by the Modern Humanities Research Association (MHRA) and most widely used in the arts and humanities in the United Kingdom, where the MHRA is based. It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. It is similar MLA style, but has some differences. For example, MHRA style uses footnotes that reference a citation fully while also providing a bibliography. Some readers find it advantageous that the footnotes provide full citations, instead of shortened references, so that they do not need to consult the bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.[15]

In some areas of the Humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional footnotes (explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term "footnote" is actually used as a synonym for "reference", and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors.

Law

  • The Bluebook is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts.[16] At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations which are either separate sentences or separate clauses.
  • The legal citation style used almost universally in Canada is based on the Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (aka Guide McGill Guide), published by McGill Law Journal.[17]
  • British legal citation almost universally follows the Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities (OSCOLA)

Sciences, mathematics, engineering, physiology, and medicine

  • The American Chemical Society style, or ACS style, is often used in chemistry and other physical sciences. In ACS style references are numbered in the text and in the reference list, and numbers are repeated throughout the text as needed.
  • In the style of the American Institute of Physics (AIP style), references are also numbered in the text and in the reference list, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.
  • Styles developed for the Mathematical Society (AMS), or AMS styles, such as AMS-LaTeX, are typically implemented using the BibTeX tool in the LaTeX typesetting environment. Brackets with author’s initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in-line with alphabetic-label format, e.g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called a "Authorship trigraph."
  • The Vancouver system, recommended by the Council of Science Editors (CSE), is used in medical and scientific papers and research.
  • The style of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), or IEEE style, encloses citation numbers within square brackets and numbers them consecutively, with numbers repeated throughout the text as needed.[20]
  • Pechenik Citation Style is a style described in A Short Guide to Writing about Biology, 6th ed. (2007), by Jan A. Pechenik.[21]
  • In 2006, Eugene Garfield proposed a bibliographic system for scientific literature, to consolidate the integrity of scientific publications.[22]

Social sciences

Citation marks

In the case of direct citations, the boundaries of a citation are apparent from the quotation marks. However, the boundaries of indirect citations are usually unknown. In order to clarify these boundaries, citation marks (˻…˼) can be used. Example:

This is sentence 1. ˻This is sentence 2. This is sentence 3.˼ (Smith et al., 2012)

Here, it becomes apparent from the citation marks that the citation refers to both sentence 2 and 3, but not to sentence 1.

Issues

In their research on footnotes in scholarly journals in the field of communication, Michael Bugeja and Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have a rate of decay (as cited pages are taken down), which they call a "half-life," that renders footnotes in those journals less useful for scholarship over time.[24]

Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications.[25]

Another important issue is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure. Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of a cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increases the quality of research.[26]

See also

Footnotes

  1. "Oxford Referencing System". http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/refbib.html. Retrieved 18 January 2011. 
  2. "Library glossary". Benedictine University. August 22, 2008. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080430220849/http://www.ben.edu/library/help/glossary.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-27. 
  3. Long Island University.
  4. Duke University Libraries 2007.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Brigham Young University 2008.
  6. University of Maryland, College Park 2006.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Yale University 2008.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Colorado State University 2008.
  9. "How to Write Research Papers with Citations - MLA, APA, Footnotes, Endnotes". http://www.studenthandouts.com/citations.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-31. 
  10. California State University 2007.
  11. Lesley University 2007.
  12. Rochester Institute of Technology 2003.
  13. Mills, Elizabeth Shown. Evidence Explained : Citing History Sources from Artifacts to cyberspace. 2d ed. Baltimore:Genealogical Pub. Co., 2009. Two supplemental guides provide more-specialized coverage of online sources. (1) QuickSheet: Citing Online Historical Resources, Evidence! Style. Baltimore: GPC, 2005. (2) QuickSheet: Citing Ancestry.com Databases & Images, Evidence Style. 2d ed. Baltimore: GPC, 2009.
  14. The field of Communication (or Communications) overlaps with some of the disciplines also covered by the MLA and has its own disciplinary style recommendations for documentation format; the style guide recommended for use in student papers in such departments in American colleges and universities is often The Publication Manual of the APA (American Psychological Association); designated for short as "APA style".
  15. The 2nd edition (updated April 2008) of the MHRA Style Guide is downloadable for free from the Humanities_Research_Association Modern Humanities Research Association official Website.
  16. Martin 2007.
  17. Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Cite Guide). McGill Law Journal. Updated October 2008. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.
  18. Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals.
  19. International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. "ICMJE Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals -- Sample References".
  20. Style Manual. Accessed 2011-08-08.
  21. Pechenik_Citation Style QuickGuide (PDF). University of Alberta, Augustana Campus, Canada. World Wide Web. November 2007.
  22. Garfield, Eugene (2006). "Citation indexes for science. A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas". International Journal of Epidemiology 35 (5): 1123–1127. doi:10.1093/ije/dyl189. PMID 16987841. 
  23. Stephen Yoder, ed. (2008). The APSA Guide to Writing and Publishing and Style Manual for Political Science. Rev. ed. August 2006. APSAnet.org Publications. Retrieved on 2009-02-05.
  24. Bugeja, Michael and Daniela V. Dimitrova. Vanishing Act: The Erosion of Online Footnotes and Implications for Scholarship in the Digital Age. Duluth, Minnesota: Litwin Books (2010)
  25. Raymond Hubbard and J. Scott Armstrong (1994). [http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/ideas/pdf/armstrong2/Replications-and-Extensions-in-Marketing.pdf "Replications and Extensions in Marketing – Rarely Published But Quite Contrary"]. International Journal of Research in Marketing 11: 233-248. http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/ideas/pdf/armstrong2/Replications-and-Extensions-in-Marketing.pdf. 
  26. Malcolm Wright and J. Scott Armstrong (2008). "The Ombudsman: Verification of Citations: Fawlty Towers of Knowledge?". Interfaces (INFORMS) 38 (2): 125–139. doi:10.1287/inte.1070.0317. http://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/documents/research/Citations-Interfaces.pdf. 

References

External links

Guidelines
Examples
  • Illustrated examples, generated using BibTeX, of several major styles, including more than those listed above.
  • PDF file bibstyles.pdf illustrates how several bibliographic styles appear with citations and reference entries, generated using BibTeX.
Style guides
Other online resources