Emma Coulomb: Difference between revisions
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== Personal life == | == Personal life == | ||
Emma Cutting was an English woman whose early history is not known. | Emma Cutting was an English woman whose early history is not known. Her first appearance was in Cairo, Egypt in 1871. | ||
According to investigations by [[C. W. Leadbeater]] made in Egypt in 1884 | According to investigations by [[C. W. Leadbeater]] made in Egypt in 1884: | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
Madame Coulomb – then Miss Cutting – came to Cairo with a brother who was insane through drink and afterwards committed suicide. She was for some time governess in the family of S–– Pasha, but was expelled from his household upon the discovery that she was endeavouring to instill vicious ideas into the mind of her charge. She was then for a time reduced to poverty.<ref>C. W. Leadbeater letter to ''Indian Mirror'' dated December 14, 1884. As presented in Michael Gomes, "The Coulomb Case" ''Theosophical History'' Occasional Papers Volume X (Fullerton, California: Theosophical History, 2005) 52.</ref> | |||
<ref>C. W. Leadbeater letter to ''Indian Mirror'' dated December 14, 1884. As presented in Michael Gomes, "The Coulomb Case" ''Theosophical History'' Occasional Papers Volume X (Fullerton, California: Theosophical History, 2005) 52.</ref> | |||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
"The couple fled the country after an attempt at fraudulent bankruptcy, turning up in Calcutta in 1874 and moving on to Ceylon."<ref>Michael Gomes, "The Coulomb Case" ''Theosophical History'' Occasional Papers Volume X (Fullerton, California: Theosophical History, 2005) 6.</ref> | Emma stayed at a hotel owned by the Coulomb family, managing to endear herself through flattery and deception. She claimed to have a special ability to locate hidden treasures, and was seen hiding some Spanish doubloons in the foundation of a house before "finding" them. | ||
<blockquote> | |||
She also pretended to be a clairvoyante, and was daily mesmerized by [[Alexis Coulomb]], who had a very high opinion of his own powers in that direction; and by her behaviour, when apparently entranced, she was successful in inducing him to marry her.<ref>C. W. Leadbeater letter to ''Indian Mirror'' dated December 14, 1884. As presented in Michael Gomes, "The Coulomb Case" ''Theosophical History'' Occasional Papers Volume X (Fullerton, California: Theosophical History, 2005) 52.</ref> | |||
</blockquote> | |||
"The couple fled the country after an attempt at fraudulent bankruptcy, turning up in Calcutta in 1874 and moving on to Ceylon."<ref>Michael Gomes, "The Coulomb Case" ''Theosophical History'' Occasional Papers Volume X (Fullerton, California: Theosophical History, 2005) 6.</ref> Little is known about their activities from then until 1880, and after 1885. | |||
Mme. Coulomb died on [[July 28]], 1904 in Bombay, India.<ref>India, Select Deaths and Burials, 1719-1948.</ref> | Mme. Coulomb died on [[July 28]], 1904 in Bombay, India.<ref>India, Select Deaths and Burials, 1719-1948.</ref> | ||
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Late in 1871, [[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]] arrived in Cairo, Egypt. There she formed a slight acquaintance with Miss Emma Cutting, who temporarily loaned her small amounts of money. H.P.B. formed the '''Société Spirite''' (“Spiritist Society”) for the investigation of the [[Spiritism]] of the French occultist [[Allan Kardec]]. However, Blavatsky could not find honest and qualified mediums to do the kind of research she had envisioned, so the Société was disbanded after about two weeks. Emma Cutting attended one séance, hoping to contact a dead relative. | Late in 1871, [[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]] arrived in Cairo, Egypt. There she formed a slight acquaintance with Miss Emma Cutting, who temporarily loaned her small amounts of money. H.P.B. formed the '''Société Spirite''' (“Spiritist Society”) for the investigation of the [[Spiritism]] of the French occultist [[Allan Kardec]]. However, Blavatsky could not find honest and qualified mediums to do the kind of research she had envisioned, so the Société was disbanded after about two weeks. Emma Cutting attended one séance, hoping to contact a dead relative. | ||
In 1880, | In 1880, Emma Coulomb and her husband Alexis were living in Galle, Ceylon, trying to operate a boarding house. They heard of Blavatsky's arrival with [[Henry Steel Olcott|Colonel Henry S. Olcott]] in Bombay to establish an Indian headquarters of the [[Theosophical Society]] that had been [[Founding of the Theosophical Society|founded]] in 1875. Emma wrote to H.P.B. asking for a loan, but no funds were then available to help her. "To everyone's surprise the couple appeared at the Bombay headquarters on the evening of March 28, 1880, 'shoeless, penniless and starving.' H.P.B., generous to a fault, invited them to stay until they could get settled."<ref>Michael Gomes, "The Coulomb Case" ''Theosophical History'' Occasional Papers Volume X (Fullerton, California: Theosophical History, 2005) 6.</ref> | ||
== Theosophical Society | == Theosophical Society employment == | ||
Within a week of their arrival in Bombay, the couple began to establish themselves within the Theosophists' household. Emma took on housekeeping tasks, and Alexis worked as a handyman. The General Membership Register of the Theosophical Society indicates that both Coulombs were admitted as members on April 3, 1880.<ref>Theosophical Society General Membership Register, 1875-1942 at [http://tsmembers.org/ http://tsmembers.org/]. See book 1, entries 288 and 289 (website file: 1A/17).</ref> | Within a week of their arrival in Bombay, the couple began to establish themselves within the Theosophists' household. Emma took on housekeeping tasks, and Alexis worked as a handyman. The General Membership Register of the Theosophical Society indicates that both Coulombs were admitted as members on April 3, 1880.<ref>Theosophical Society General Membership Register, 1875-1942 at [http://tsmembers.org/ http://tsmembers.org/]. See book 1, entries 288 and 289 (website file: 1A/17).</ref> | ||
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</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
The Coulombs had considerable influence and access in the running of the headquarters estate. Alexis altered Blavatsky's rooms to support an allegation that she had used fraud to produce [[Precipitation|precipitated]] letters from the [[Mahatma|Mahatmas]]. Board of Control members discovered that Emma Coulomb had been trying to borrow money from Indian members. Finally, on [[May 14]], 1884, the | The Coulombs had considerable influence and access in the running of the headquarters estate. Alexis altered Blavatsky's rooms to support an allegation that she had used fraud to produce [[Precipitation|precipitated]] letters from the [[Mahatma|Mahatmas]]. Board of Control members discovered that Emma Coulomb had been trying to borrow money from Indian members. Finally, on [[May 14]], 1884, the General Council of the Theosophical Society dismissed Emma and Alexis Coulomb from their positions, based on numerous affidavits about their behavior. Alexis was charged with disobedience to the Board and with aiding and abetting his wife in her scurrilous activities. Ten charges were alleged against Emma, including attempts at extortion and blackmail; lying and backbiting; dissuading people from joining the Theosophical Society; denying the [[phenomena]] at Adyar; and making claims of anti-British activities by Theosophists.<ref>''Proceedings'' of the General Council of the Theosophical Society, May 14, 1884. Reprinted in Michael Gomes, "The Coulomb Case" ''Theosophical History'' Occasional Papers Volume X (Fullerton, California: Theosophical History, 2005) 38-39.</ref> | ||
The couple moved away from the Adyar compound on May 25. With encouragement of Christian missionaries in Madras, Emma worked to discredit Madame Blavatsky and the Theosophical Society by publishing forged letters. Purportedly written by Madame Blavatsky, the correspondence implied that H.P.B. had been complicit in producing fake Mahatma letters and [[phenomena]]. After the letters became public, the [[Society for Psychical Research]] sent a young investigator, [[Richard Hodgson]] to interview the Coulombs and many others in India, resulting in the famous '''[[Hodgson Report]]'''. | |||
Mme. Coulomb tried to sue [[Henry Rhodes Morgan|Major-General Morgan]] in 1885 for slander, but quickly withdrew her case.<ref>See the exchange of letters to ''Madras Mail'' by both parties reprinted in Michael Gomes, "The Coulomb Case" ''Theosophical History'' Occasional Papers Volume X (Fullerton, California: Theosophical History, 2005) 60-62.</ref> | |||
These events of 1884-1885 are often referred to as the '''Coulomb Affair''', about which many volumes have been written. | |||
== Pamphlet by == | |||
* ''Some Account of My Intercourse with Madame Blavatsky from 1872 to 1884; with Additional Letters and Full Explanation of the Most Marvellous Theosophical Phenomena''. Madras, India: Higginbotham & Company, 1884. Published for the ''Madras Christian College Magazine'' by Elliot Stock, 1885. | |||
== Additional resources == | == Additional resources == | ||
* Charles J. Ryan, "Chapter 13: The Coulomb Conspiracy against Theosophy," ''H. P. Blavatsky and the Theosophical Movement'' (Pasadena, CA: Theosophical University Press, 1975). Available at [http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/hpb-tm/hpbtm-13.htm Theosophical University Press Online]. | * Charles J. Ryan, "Chapter 13: The Coulomb Conspiracy against Theosophy," ''H. P. Blavatsky and the Theosophical Movement'' (Pasadena, CA: Theosophical University Press, 1975). Available at [http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/hpb-tm/hpbtm-13.htm Theosophical University Press Online]. | ||
* [https://www.theosophy.world/encyclopedia/coulomb-emma Coulomb, Emma] in Theosophy World. | |||
== Notes == | == Notes == | ||
Latest revision as of 20:30, 31 May 2024
Emma Coulomb was an English woman who worked as a housekeeper for Helena Petrovna Blavatsky in India and betrayed her trust, causing the scandal known as the Coulomb Affair.
Personal life
Emma Cutting was an English woman whose early history is not known. Her first appearance was in Cairo, Egypt in 1871.
According to investigations by C. W. Leadbeater made in Egypt in 1884:
Madame Coulomb – then Miss Cutting – came to Cairo with a brother who was insane through drink and afterwards committed suicide. She was for some time governess in the family of S–– Pasha, but was expelled from his household upon the discovery that she was endeavouring to instill vicious ideas into the mind of her charge. She was then for a time reduced to poverty.[1]
Emma stayed at a hotel owned by the Coulomb family, managing to endear herself through flattery and deception. She claimed to have a special ability to locate hidden treasures, and was seen hiding some Spanish doubloons in the foundation of a house before "finding" them.
She also pretended to be a clairvoyante, and was daily mesmerized by Alexis Coulomb, who had a very high opinion of his own powers in that direction; and by her behaviour, when apparently entranced, she was successful in inducing him to marry her.[2]
"The couple fled the country after an attempt at fraudulent bankruptcy, turning up in Calcutta in 1874 and moving on to Ceylon."[3] Little is known about their activities from then until 1880, and after 1885.
Mme. Coulomb died on July 28, 1904 in Bombay, India.[4]
Meeting Madame Blavatsky
Late in 1871, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky arrived in Cairo, Egypt. There she formed a slight acquaintance with Miss Emma Cutting, who temporarily loaned her small amounts of money. H.P.B. formed the Société Spirite (“Spiritist Society”) for the investigation of the Spiritism of the French occultist Allan Kardec. However, Blavatsky could not find honest and qualified mediums to do the kind of research she had envisioned, so the Société was disbanded after about two weeks. Emma Cutting attended one séance, hoping to contact a dead relative.
In 1880, Emma Coulomb and her husband Alexis were living in Galle, Ceylon, trying to operate a boarding house. They heard of Blavatsky's arrival with Colonel Henry S. Olcott in Bombay to establish an Indian headquarters of the Theosophical Society that had been founded in 1875. Emma wrote to H.P.B. asking for a loan, but no funds were then available to help her. "To everyone's surprise the couple appeared at the Bombay headquarters on the evening of March 28, 1880, 'shoeless, penniless and starving.' H.P.B., generous to a fault, invited them to stay until they could get settled."[5]
Theosophical Society employment
Within a week of their arrival in Bombay, the couple began to establish themselves within the Theosophists' household. Emma took on housekeeping tasks, and Alexis worked as a handyman. The General Membership Register of the Theosophical Society indicates that both Coulombs were admitted as members on April 3, 1880.[6]
The Coulombs gradually became indispensable, and they maintained the headquarters during the long absences of the Founders. When the headquarters was moved to Adyar near Madras at the end of 1882, the couple went along and continued in their same roles.
The Coulomb controversy
Over time, Emma came to be envious and dissatisfied. She slandered Madame Blavatsky viciously behind her back. In 1884, the Founders went to Europe, and Colonel Olcott, the President of the Theosophical Society, appointed seven men to serve as a Board of Control for the organization during his absence. Evidently Alexis was added to the board "because Mrs. Coulomb insisted to HSO that her husband was a proud man and his feelings would be hurt if he were left out."[7] Colonel Olcott later commented:
If I had had even an inkling of his real character, instead of making her husband ... a Committee man, I should have had our servants chase both of them out of our compound with bamboo switches.[8]
The Coulombs had considerable influence and access in the running of the headquarters estate. Alexis altered Blavatsky's rooms to support an allegation that she had used fraud to produce precipitated letters from the Mahatmas. Board of Control members discovered that Emma Coulomb had been trying to borrow money from Indian members. Finally, on May 14, 1884, the General Council of the Theosophical Society dismissed Emma and Alexis Coulomb from their positions, based on numerous affidavits about their behavior. Alexis was charged with disobedience to the Board and with aiding and abetting his wife in her scurrilous activities. Ten charges were alleged against Emma, including attempts at extortion and blackmail; lying and backbiting; dissuading people from joining the Theosophical Society; denying the phenomena at Adyar; and making claims of anti-British activities by Theosophists.[9]
The couple moved away from the Adyar compound on May 25. With encouragement of Christian missionaries in Madras, Emma worked to discredit Madame Blavatsky and the Theosophical Society by publishing forged letters. Purportedly written by Madame Blavatsky, the correspondence implied that H.P.B. had been complicit in producing fake Mahatma letters and phenomena. After the letters became public, the Society for Psychical Research sent a young investigator, Richard Hodgson to interview the Coulombs and many others in India, resulting in the famous Hodgson Report.
Mme. Coulomb tried to sue Major-General Morgan in 1885 for slander, but quickly withdrew her case.[10]
These events of 1884-1885 are often referred to as the Coulomb Affair, about which many volumes have been written.
Pamphlet by
- Some Account of My Intercourse with Madame Blavatsky from 1872 to 1884; with Additional Letters and Full Explanation of the Most Marvellous Theosophical Phenomena. Madras, India: Higginbotham & Company, 1884. Published for the Madras Christian College Magazine by Elliot Stock, 1885.
Additional resources
- Charles J. Ryan, "Chapter 13: The Coulomb Conspiracy against Theosophy," H. P. Blavatsky and the Theosophical Movement (Pasadena, CA: Theosophical University Press, 1975). Available at Theosophical University Press Online.
- Coulomb, Emma in Theosophy World.
Notes
- ↑ C. W. Leadbeater letter to Indian Mirror dated December 14, 1884. As presented in Michael Gomes, "The Coulomb Case" Theosophical History Occasional Papers Volume X (Fullerton, California: Theosophical History, 2005) 52.
- ↑ C. W. Leadbeater letter to Indian Mirror dated December 14, 1884. As presented in Michael Gomes, "The Coulomb Case" Theosophical History Occasional Papers Volume X (Fullerton, California: Theosophical History, 2005) 52.
- ↑ Michael Gomes, "The Coulomb Case" Theosophical History Occasional Papers Volume X (Fullerton, California: Theosophical History, 2005) 6.
- ↑ India, Select Deaths and Burials, 1719-1948.
- ↑ Michael Gomes, "The Coulomb Case" Theosophical History Occasional Papers Volume X (Fullerton, California: Theosophical History, 2005) 6.
- ↑ Theosophical Society General Membership Register, 1875-1942 at http://tsmembers.org/. See book 1, entries 288 and 289 (website file: 1A/17).
- ↑ George E. Linton and Virginia Hanson, eds., Readers Guide to The Mahatma Letters to A. P. Sinnett (Adyar, Chennai, India: Theosophical Publishing House, 1972), 224-225.
- ↑ Henry S. Olcott, Old Diary Leaves Volume 3, page 74.
- ↑ Proceedings of the General Council of the Theosophical Society, May 14, 1884. Reprinted in Michael Gomes, "The Coulomb Case" Theosophical History Occasional Papers Volume X (Fullerton, California: Theosophical History, 2005) 38-39.
- ↑ See the exchange of letters to Madras Mail by both parties reprinted in Michael Gomes, "The Coulomb Case" Theosophical History Occasional Papers Volume X (Fullerton, California: Theosophical History, 2005) 60-62.