Hermeticism

Medieval Drawing of Hermes Trismegistus

Hermeticism is a philosophical system based on writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus, a legendary combination of the Greek god Hermes, his Roman counterpart Mercury, and the Egyptian god of wisdom, Thoth.

Origins of Hermeticism

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Hermeticism professes a lineage from a prisca theologia, an ancient theology underlying all religions. Historians believe that the origins of the Hermetic school of thought go back to Hellenistic Egypt, around 400-100 BCE.

Foundational writings

The Hermetic teachings are collectively known as Hermetica. Hermes Trismegistus, or his followers, are credited with writing forty-two books according to Clement of Alexander. Clement described the sacred ceremonial of the ancient Egyptians as requiring use of hermetic books containing "the hymns of the gods and rules of conduct for the kings." Four books are related to astrology and others are alchemical. Another group presents philosophical concepts in the form of dialogues, in the style of Plato. Among the best-known works are Corpus Hermeticum and The Emerald Tablet. The original works were written in Greek and Arabic. In 1948, an additional work was discovered in the Nag Hammadi Collection: The Discourse on the Eighth and Ninth, which seems to be in initiation rite. It is now considered to be the eighteenth treatise of the Corpus Hermeticum. A Greek version of parts of the 6th treatise in the Corpus Hermeticum was also found at Nag Hammadi.

The writings that are now available to us were almost certainly altered or sanitized by Christian interpreters, and represent only a fraction of the original occult teachings. Egyptologist James Bonwick wrote:

They are more or less touched up by the Platonic philosophers among the early Christians (such as Origen and Clemens Alexandrinus) who sought to substantiate their Christian arguments by appeals to these heathen and revered writings, though they could not resist the temptation of making them say a little too much."

The Divine Pymander, often cited as a separate work, is actually the first treatise within the Corpus Hermeticum. Pymander or Poimandres means "the divine Thought" or "man-shepherd." The personified Nous appears to Hermes Trismegistus to give him instruction in esoteric concepts; in other words the great universal mind provides guidance as a shepherd to mankind.

Corpus Hermeticum

The Corpus Hermeticum became available as a manuscript in the fifteenth century, although the work was much older. Thought to have been written anywhere from 100 BCE to 1462 CE, the writings were lost or underground until 1452, when the document was rediscovered in Macedonia. Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499) began translating the Corpus from Greek into Latin. He completed translation of the first fourteen treatises, and Lodovico Lazzarelli (1447–1500) translated the remaining three.

Hermetic illustration of astrological medicine, Iatromathematica

The treatises within the Corpus include:

1. Discourse of Poimandres to Hermes Trismegistus – also known as The Divine Pymander
2. Hermes to Asclepius
3. A sacred discourse of Hermes
4. A discourse of Hermes to Tat: The mixing bowl or the monad
5. A discourse of Hermes to Tat, his son: That god is invisible and entirely visible
6. Hermes to Asclepius: That the good is in god alone and nowhere else
7. That the greatest evil in mankind is ignorance concerning god
8. Hermes to Tat: That none of the things that are is destroyed, and they are mistaken who say that changes are deaths and destructions
9. Hermes to Asclepius: On understanding and sensation: [That the beautiful and good are in god alone and nowhere else]
10. Hermes to Tat: The key
11. Mind (Nous) to Hermes
12. Hermes to Tat: On the mind shared in common
13. Hermes to Tat, a secret dialogue on the mountain: On being born again, and on the promise to be silent
14. Hermes to Asclepius: health of mind
15. Asclepius to King Ammon: Definitions on god, matter, vice, fate, the sun, intellectual essence, divine essence, mankind, the arrangement of the plenitude, the seven stars, and mankind according to the image
16. Asclepius to King Ammon
17. Tat to a king: On the soul hindered by the body's affections

The Emerald Tablet

The Emerald Tablet or Smaragdine Tablet, was written in a manner that is intentionally enigmatic to obscure the meaning to all but those trained in alchemy. The Tablet presents some of the most basic concepts in occultism, including "As above, so below":

It is true, no lie, certain, to be depended upon: What is below is like that which is above, and what is above is similar to that which is below to accomplish the wonders of one thing. As all things were produced by the mediation of one being, so all things were produced from this one by adaptation. Its father is the sun, its mother is the moon. It is the cause of all perfection throughout the whole earth. Its power is perfect if it is changed into earth. Separate the earth from the fire, the subtle from the gross, acting prudently and with judgment. Ascend with the greatest sagacity from the earth to heaven, and then descend again to earth, and unite together the power of things inferior and superior; thus you will possess the light of the whole world, and all obscurity will fly away from you. This thing has more fortitude than fortitude itself, because it will overcome every subtle thing and penetrate every solid thing. By it the world was formed.

It emphasizes that a person cannot separate himself from Nature:

Within us there lies a mysterious force that tends in all directions, spreading from a center hidden in infinite depths. If wondrous nature, the nature of the senses and the nature that is not of the senses, surrounds us, we believe this force to be an attraction of nature, an effect of our sympathy with her.

Concepts of Hermeticism

As Christopher Bamford has written, " Hermeticism is the sacred science of realizing and enhancing the subtle states of both the human being and the universe, which correspond to each other."

Fundamental to understanding Hermeticism is a knowledge or gnosis that cannot be taught. Gnosis reveals in an experiential way the total unity of everything in the universe. Hermeticism is not a religion of faith or belief; it is about knowing that requires no trust in something unseen or unproven. Frances Yates describes Hermeticism as a religion "without temples or liturgy, followed in the mind alone." The ways of opening oneself to gnosis can be taught to an aspirant but the experience itself is a direct, intuitive, very personal grasp of divine reality and the unity of everything. Achieving this gnosis or cosmic consciousness is necessary to the hermeticist because this is how he becomes fully human.

Belief in reincarnation is another feature of Hermeticism. "O son, how many bodies we have to pass through, how many bands of demons, through how many series of repetitions and cycles of the stars, before we hasten to the One Alone?”

Another aspect of Hermeticism is the belief that Man is the equal of God. "If you do not make yourself the equal of God you cannot understand him. Like is understood by Like."

Command your soul to go anywhere, and it will be there quicker than your command. Bid it to go to the ocean and it will need no wings... Suppose nothing to be impossible to you. Conceive yourself to be in all places at the same time; in earth, in the sea, in heaven; that you are not born yet, that you are within the womb, that you are young, old, dead. Conceive all things at once; times, places, actions, qualities and quantities; then you can understand God.

Some schools of hermetic thought believe "God only knows what you know," suggesting that man’s journey on earth is a learning experience for the creator, as well as the individual.

The Magician in Tarot

This theory of God and man fits perfectly into the doctrine of "as above, so below," or the Law of Correspondences. The Smaragdine Tablet or Emerald tablet of Hermes, opens with the words:

What is below is like that which is above, and what is above is similar to that which is below.

Actions on one level of reality – physical, emotional or mental – happens on all levels. This doctrine echoes through most occult disciplines. In the Tarot, the first card of the major arcana is the Magician depicted with one arm pointing up and the other pointing down signifying “as above, so below.” On the table before him are the representations of the four basic elements – earth (pentacles), wind (swords), fire (wands) and water (cups) – all controlled by the same doctrine.

The Hermetica put forth three types of wisdom – Alchemy, Astrology, and Theurgy. Alchemy is the operation of the sun or the striving for perfection. Astrology is the operation of the stars, their influences upon the human being, and the work required to rise above the influences of the heavens. Theurgy is the operation of the gods or magic.

Seven principles are presented in the Hermetica:

1. The Principle of Mentalism: The All is mind; The Universe is Mental.
2. The Principle of Correspondence: As above, so below; as below, so above. As within, so without; as without, so within.
3. The Principle of Vibration: Nothing rests; Everything moves; Everything vibrates.
4. The Principle of Polarity: Everything is dual; Everything has poles; Like and unlike are the same; Opposites are identical in nature, but different in degree; All truths, are but half-truths; All paradoxes may be reconciled.
5. The Principle of Rhythm: Everything flows, out and in; Everything has its tides; All things rise and fall; The pendulum swing manifests in everything. Rhythm compensates.
6. The Principle of Cause & Effect: Every cause has its effect; Every effect has its cause; Everything happens according to law.
7. The Principle of Gender: Gender is in everything; Everything has its masculine and feminine principles; Gender manifests on all planes.

Influence of Hermeticism

Hermeticism has influenced some of the greatest thinkers of the ancient and modern worlds.

In Renaissance thought

Marsilio Ficino, Cosimo De Medici’s scribe who translated the newly unearthed Hermetic documents in 1463, was profoundly affected by the information he acquired from the writings. Ficino became a Roman Catholic priest and a high ranking official at the Cathedral of Florence. He hoped to merge Hermetic concepts into the Catholic religion but the Inquisition was still operational so he had to be extremely careful.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, a student of Ficino, was a Renaissance philosopher famous for his Oration on the Dignity of Man. Pico studied the mystical writings ascribed to Hermes Trismegistus, Zoroaster, Moses, Orpheus, Pythagoras, Christian theology, Islamic philosophy, and the Hebrew Qabalah. Along with Ficino, he followed the doctrine of Prisca Theologia, holding that one true theology – the real basis for all religions – was given to mankind in antiquity.

Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) was also deeply influenced by hermeticism, along with astrology and Rosicrucianism. He developed a cosmology in which he viewed the universe as infinite and eternal; with a heliocentric model of the solar system; and the divinity, unity, and interdependence of all things.

In Theosophy

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The seven principles of Hermeticism are essential elements of Theosophy, as they are also in Rosicrucianism.

According to Theosophy, “Thoth-Hermes was one of the King-Instructors, the 'Sons of the Fire,' who began in Lemuria in the Third Race to instruct infant humanity in the arts and sciences. The Egyptians always regarded Thoth-Hermes as a symbol of the Third Race. But in whichever of his characters Hermes appears, he is always credited as the first to teach the science of magic to the Egyptians.”

In modern thought

Green Hermeticism is a movement arising from a 2003 conference on "Sacred Theory of Earth" in New Paltz, New York. Participants included Christopher Bamford, Peter Lamborn Wilson, Kevin Townley and Pir Zia Inayat Khan, and various other "hermeticists, poets, Christians, Buddhists, neo-pagans, Sufis, and assorted heretics." They explored the application of alchemical principles to environmental science.

Green Hermeticism seeks to found a new, truly spiritual ecology: a new Hermetic culture, in which the earth will once again become the temple of the cosmos, with every human being a healing priest or priestess. In practice, this means a renewed understanding of the earth as a cosmic being that awaits human collaboration to awaken to its true destiny.

In a completely different approach to modern hermeticism, Joseph Rodrigues, Colton Swabb, and others have focused on the application of Hermetic concepts to achieve prosperity. There are many books and websites proposing this approach as a form of thought power.

In science and medicine

The Caduceus

Study of hermeticism led humanity toward modern science and medicine.

Alchemy is the study of how to purify and transmute human beings to realize their divine potential. The early alchemists combined chemical notations with ancient mythologies into a symbolic language to convey their spiritual experiences when words were inadequate. The idea that man should control his destiny rather than be a victim to the influence of the stars led to the concept of influencing or controlling nature. This was of great interest to the developing discipline of science. Sir Isaac Newton, for example, studyied the Corpus Hermeticum – in secret, due to the powerful Church’s disapproval of alchemy.

The secrecy surrounding alchemy led to many misunderstandings concerning what alchemy intended to accomplish. Interest in the exoteric view of alchemy converting base metal to gold, took the direction of developing the modern science of chemistry. The efforts of Paracelsus, also misunderstanding the true nature of alchemy, led to the beginning of pharmacology.

The caduceus that has become the symbol used for modern medicine comes directly from hermeticism. The serpent was a symbol of wisdom associated with Hermes-Thoth in ancient times. One story of how the caduceus was created tells that when Hermes came upon two snakes locked in mortal combat, he separated them with his staff and acting as mediator brought peace between them by suggesting an alchemical reconciliation. Snakes shed their skins and appear to be reborn, and are connected symbolically to both magic and medicine.

Additional resources

Hermetic writings

See also Hermetica in Wikipedia for a detailed list.

• The Corpus Hermeticum at the Gnostic Society Library. London: George Redway, 1884.
• The Divine Pymander of Hermes Mercurius Trismegistus at Sacred-Texts.com. Translated from the Arabic by John Everard. 1650.
• The Divine Pymander of Hermes Mercurius Trismegistus at IAPSOP. Translated from the Arabic by John Everard. 1650. London: George Redway, 1884.
• The Emerald Tablet at Sacred-Texts.com. This site provides several translations of the work, with commentaries.

Books about Hermeticism

• Bamford, Christopher, Peter Lamborn Wilson, Kevin Townley and Pir Zia Inayat Khan. Green Hermeticism: Alchemy and Ecology. Lindisfarne Books, 2007.

• Copenhaver, Brian P. Hermetica: The Greek C. H. and the Latin Asclepius in a new English translation with notes and introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Highly recommended.

• Fowden, Garth. The Egyptian Hermes. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986. This author is one of the best modern scholars on Hermetica.

• Hancock, Graham, and Robert Bauval. Talisman: Sacred Cities, Secret Faith. London: Michael Joseph, 2004.

• Lachman, Gary. The Quest for Hermes Trismegistus: From Ancient Egypt to the Modern World. , 2011.

• Mead, G. R. S. Thrice-greatest Hermes: Studies in Hellenistic Theosophy and Gnosis, Being a Translation of the Extant Sermons and Fragments of the Trismegistic Literature, with Prolegomena, Commentaries, and Notes. London: J.M. Watkins, 1964.

• Salaman, Clement, and Hermes. The Way of Hermes: Translations of the Corpus Hermeticum and the Definitions of Hermes Trismegistus to Asclepius. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions, 2000.

• Wilson, Colin. From Atlantis to the Sphinx. New York: Fromm International Pub, 1997.

• Yates, Frances A. Giordano Bruno and the Hermetic Tradition. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1964.

Articles

• "The Emerald Tablet" by Eloise Hart. Originally published in Sunrise magazine, April/May 2006.
• "Green Hermeticism" by Christopher Bamford. Orginally published in Quest 97 no. 2 (Spring, 2009), 54-59, 63.
• Hermeticism in Theosophy World.
• Fire Philosophers in Theosophy World.
• Chaldean Book of Numbers in Theosophy World.

Websites

• The Gnostic Archive.
• Hermeticism.
• The Hermetic Revival: & Ancient Principles for Self Mastery by Colton Swabb. Feb 26, 2018.</ref>

Video

• Hermeticism and Gnosticism by Stephan Hoeller
  • Volume 1: Part 1 and Part 2.
  • Volume 2: Part 1 and Part 2.
  • Volume 3: Part 1 and Part 2.
  • Volume 4: Part 1 and Part 2.
• What is Hermeticism? in Esoterica YouTube channel. Posted May 28, 2021.
• Hermeticism and Ancient Astrology. A discussion about the ancient philosophy of Hermeticism and its relationship to Hellenistic astrology, with Sam Block and Chris Brennan. Feb 16, 2022.
• The Kybalian by The Three Initiates (The Seven Hermetic Principles) by Joseph Rodrigues. This presenter focuses on using the seven principles and especially thought power to achieve prosperity, in the tradition of Napoleon Hill's Think and Grow Rich.