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[[File:HP Blavatsky 1.jpg|250px|right|thumb|H. P. Blavatsky em Londres em [[January 8]], 1889.]]
[[File:J.I.Wedgwood-01.jpg|250px|right|thumb|James Ingall Wedgwood]]
[[File:Borglum_portrait_of_HPB.jpg|300px|right|thumb|retrato por [[Gutzon Borglum]]]]
'''James Ingall Wedgwood''' was born at [[May 24]], 1883, London, son of Alfred Allen Wedgwood (1842-1892) and Margaret Rosena Ingall (1854-1922), great great-grandson of the potter Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795), and the grandson of the spiritualist Hensleigh Wedgwood (1803-1891), and the great nephew of Charles Darwin (1809-1882). He was an prominent English Theosophist in [[Theosophical Society (Adyar)|Theosophical Society]] (Adyar), also the first Presiding Bishop of the [[Liberal Catholic Church]], Freemason, Co-Mason and Martinist. Passed away on [[March 13]], 1951 in Farnham, Surrey, England.


<p align="justify">
== Personal life ==
'''Helena Petrovna Blavatsky''' (Russo: Еле́на Петро́вна Блава́тская, Ucraniano: Олена Петрівна Блаватська), nasceu em Dnepropetrovsk (Ekaterinoslav), Ucrânia, em [[August 12]], 1831 (31 de julho no calendário juliano). Foi uma [[Theosophist]], escritora e viajante.


Em 1875 (junto com o Coronel [[H. S. Olcott]], o advogado [[William Quan Judge]] e outros) estabeleceu a [[Theosophical Society]]. Blavatsky foi a maior fonte dos [[Theosophy#Modern Theosophy|Theosophical teachings]] e discutiu os maiores temas da Teosofia por meio da edição de inúmeros artigos e algumas obras seminais, incluindo [[Isis Unveiled (book)|''Isis Unveiled'']],  [[The Secret Doctrine (book)|''The Secret Doctrine'']], [[The Key to Theosophy (book)|''The Key to Theosophy'']], e  [[The Voice of the Silence (book)|''The Voice of the Silence'']]. Faleceu em Londres, em [[May 8]], 1891.
Little is know about his early years. The following extracts are quoted from a short autobiography which he wrote for the Adyar Bulletin<ref>Theosophy in New Zealand, December, 1916</ref>:


Blavatsky foi um instrumento na promoção da sabedoria espiritual do Oriente para o Ocidente e daqueles Antigos Mistérios orientais para o ocidente moderno, onde eram virtualmente desconhecidos.
<dd><i>"My liking of ceremonial was one of these early interests. One of my earliest recollections is that of standing with my nurse in the old Parish Church at Folkstone and watching a procession. I remember, even now, how stirred I was at the sight of it, and how I questioned my nurse later, when at Bedford, I passed a building bearing the inscription "Freemason's Hall". I had never heard that it was a secret society, there upon made up my mind to join it when I could.
In due course I went to school (I was sent to a boarding school at the early age of five, being, I understand, more than a trifle unmanageable at home!), and on Sundays we went to the usual Anglican Church where there was no ritual worth mentioning. The services tired me, but from the very beginning I was always interested in the organ; and during the Psalms which were specially trying to my patience, I used to count the number of pipes visible in the organ case. Later I had a good deal to do with organ construction. But it was only after coming in touch with Theosophy that I realized that my chief interest in the organ, and music generally, centered round the magical and psychological effect of sound...


<dd>"But there was one important element in my childhood. My grandfather, Hensleigh Wedgwood by name, was one of the pioneers of the Spiritualist Alliance, and of the Society for Psychical Research. . .


== Anos Iniciais ==
<dd>"My mother was an extremely good clairvoyant (she figures in some of the Myers, Gurney and Podmore books), and knew H. P. Blavatsky. And so, although I knew nothing of Spiritualism or Theosophy, I heard of them, and took a great interest in the little I was told...


[[File:HPB's house - Ukraine.jpg|250px|left|thumb|[[H. P. Blavatsky House-Museum|H. P. Blavatsky house/museum]] em Dnepropetrovsk, Ucrânia]]
<dd>"My interest in the organ continued, and I liked to go to churches where there was good music. At about the age of seventeen, I strayed into a ritualistic church at East Clevedon, and heard a sermon which dealt incidentally with bowing the head at the name of Jesus. This interested me, and the Priest gave me a little book which soon turned me into a full-blown High-Churchman . I became a server at the altar and so gained some experience of ecclesiastical ceremonial. I had read a silly Protestant book called "The Secret History of the Oxford Movement", by one Walter Walsh; its effect was to fire me with enthusiasm to join all the supposedly secret societies therein "exposed". Those that I did join I found to be perfectly innocuous and really edifying, like the "Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament."...
<p align="justify">Helena Petrovna von Hahn (Russo: Елена Петровна Ган, Ukrainian: Олена Петрівна Ган) foi a primeira filha do Coronel Peter Alexeyevich von Hahn (1798-1873) e Helena Andreyevna  Hahn (née de Fadeyev), uma bem conhecida romancista social. Nasceu em Ekaterinoslav no sul da Russia em [[August 12]], 1831 (ou [[July 31]] no calendário juliano, então vigente na Russia). Tendo nascido no sétimo mês do ano ela foi chamada "a Sedmitchka" (ou --Sedgmika), um termo não traduzível, que significa estar conectada com o número sete (outros apelidos seus eram "Lelinka" e "Lyolya", este último um diminutivo de Helena).


<p align="justify">Embora nenhum registro oficial tenha sido produzido a com o horário exato de seu nascimento, foi determinado com suficiente acuidade por retificação astrológica, baseada em vários eventos importantes na vida de H.P.B., que este deu-se às 01h:42min A.M., horário local, o qual, equiparado à Greenwich, seria 11h:22min P.M., de 11 de Agosto de 1831.<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''Collected Writings'' vol. I (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1988), xxvi.</ref>  
<dd>"I became sincerely religious, and on that account was greatly troubled because I found that the ceremonial side of the worship appealed to me a great deal more than prayer, etc., which, in my ignorance of "rays" I considered a wrong state of affairs. Gradually I abandoned the idea of being an analytical chemist and thought to enter the Church. My people were at first opposed to this, and I was not sure of my vocation; so I decided to take up the study of music as the most useful preliminary for a Clergyman's work, and, as destiny would have it, I was led to become a pupil of one of the chief authorities on the old Gregorian music or Plainsong."</i></dd></dd>


<p align="justify">Helena nasceu prematuramente. Como em 1831 a Russia sofria de uma epidemia generalizada de cólera que assolou alguns membros da família de seu pai, havia temor pela vida da criança.  Um batismo imediato foi celebrado, no qual uma criança que adormeceu segurando uma vela na primeira fileira à frente do sacerdote oficiante ateou fogo em seus paramentos durante a cerimônia.  
Wedgwood attended Pretoria House School at Folkestone in Kent, and then went on to his father’s old school, Rugby. After leaving school he studied chemistry at University College, Nottingham, on the advice of the famous chemist, Sir Henry Roscoe (1833 – 1915).


<p align="justify">Helena tinha uma irmã [[Vera Petrovna de Zhelihovsky|Vera Petrovna]] ([[April 29]], 1835 - 1896) e um irmão, Leonid (June, 1840 - [[November 9]], 1885).
He was for a time employed as an analytical chemist in York, where he lodged with the Reverend Patrick John Shaw (1869-1952), the newly appointed Rector of All Saints Church, North Street. Wedgwood also studied music at the Nottingham College of Music, and he studied the organ at St Albans, Nottingham under Dr Harold Gibbs (1928-1945). He then spent four years as an articled pupil at York Minister under Dr Tertius Noble (1867-1953).


<p align="justify">De acordo com [[Vera Petrovna de Zhelihovsky|Vera P. de Zhelihovsky]], sua mãe, na época estava preocupada com o destino de sua filha mais velha, "dotada desde a infância por características excepcionais".<ref>Желиховская. Е. П. Блаватская. II. С.246.</ref>
Wedgwood also felt he had a vocation to the priesthood of the Anglican Church, and began theological studies whilst staying with Patrick Shaw despite the opposition of the Wedgwood family.


<p align="justify">Os primeiros dez anos da vida de Helena foram gastos em frequentes mudanças de um lugar de residência para outro, em parte devido ao fato de que o batalhão de artilharia à cavalo de seu pai esteve de mudança de um lugar para outro, e particularmente devido à precária da saúde de sua  Mãe.<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''Collected Writings'' vol. I (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1988), xxx.</ref>
In 1904, in the midst of his musical and theological studies, Wedgwood attended two lectures by Mrs Besant. He had probably been introduced to Theosophy by his aunts, Effie and Hope, who had joined the Theosophical Society around 1892, having been attracted to it through their father’s spiritualism and by Mrs Besant’s social activism. As a result of his conversion to Theosophy, Wedgwood was obliged to leave the lodgings and his studies because the Rector disapproved of his newly found faith. Wedgwood renounced all thought of a vocation in the Church of England, and devoted himself entirely to the work of the [[Theosophical Society (Adyar)|Theosophical Society]].


[[File:H.Hahn and H.Blavatsky.jpg|250px|right|thumb|HPB e sua mãe. Museu de H. P. B. em Dnepropetrovsk. Pintor desconhecido.]]
For some time Wedgwood attended the Sorbonne in Paris, returning to the physics of organ music, for which studies he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Sciences.


<p align="justify">A mãe de Helena morreu de tubercoluse em [[July 6]] de 1842 aos 28 anos. Antes de sua morte, sua mãe disse: "Bem! Talvez seja melhor que eu esteja morrendo: pelo menos, eu não vou sofrer ao ver as dificuldades de Helena! Estou certo de que seu destino não será feminino, que ela irá sofrer muito ".<ref>Jelihovsky. Helena Petrovna Blavatsky // Lucifer. C.204; The Theosophist. C. 240</ref> Seu pai morreria em [[July 27]] de 1873, depois de apenas três dias de enfermidade, enquanto HPB estava em Nova York pronta para iniciar sua carreira pública.
== Theosophical Society involvement ==


<p align="justify">Após a morte de sua mãe, o avô de Helena, Andrei Mikhailovich e a avó Helena Pavlovna (que era um reconhecida cientista amadora) levaram as crianças para Saratov, onde tiveram uma vida bastante diferente. A casa de Fadeyev era visitada pelos intelectuais de Saratov.
Wedgwood was admitted to the [[Theosophical Society]] in Yorkshire, England on September 7, 1904.  <ref>Theosophical Society General Membership Register, 1875-1942 at [http://tsmembers.org/ http://tsmembers.org/]. See book 3, entry 26458 (website file: 3A/14).</ref>


<p align="justify">Helena era clarividente desde a tenra infância. Em certas ocasiões ela viu a majestosa figura de um hindu trajando um turbante branco o qual ela chamou de seu "Protetor", uma vez que ele a salvou em situações de perigo. Um desses acidentes aconteceu quando ela era ainda criancinha. Querendo examinar uma foto pendurada no alto de uma parede, empilhou algumas mesas e uma cadeira e começou a escalá-las. Quando alcançou a pintura, perdeu o equilíbrio e não se lembrou de mais nada. Ela então recobrou a consciência em segurança no chão, e ambas as mesas e a cadeira estavam em seus lugares habituais, com o traço de uma pequena mão esquerda na parede empoeirada sob a imagem.  Outra ocorrência sucedeu quando tinha 13 anos. Ela estava montando um cavalo que ficou assustado e disparou. Ela caiu de seu assento, seu pé ficou preso no estribo e ficou pendurada nele. Ao invés de ser morta, sentiu os braços de alguém ao redor de seu corpo apoiando-a até que o cavalo parasse.<ref>Helene F. Pissareff, "Helena Petrovna Blavatsky," The Theosophist, 34:4 (January, 1913), 505-506.</ref>
In 1926, Wedgwood presented the [[Blavatsky Lectures|Blavatsky Lecture]] on the topic '''[http://resources.theosophical.org/pdf/BL_1926_Wedgwood_The_Distinctive_Contribution_of_Theosophy_to_Christian_Thought.pdf "The Distinctive Contribution of Theosophy to Christian Thought"].'''


== Liberal Catholic Church ==


=== Primeiro Casamento ===
== Writings ==


A temporada de inverno de 1848-49 foi passada em Tiflis na mansão dos antigos Principes Chavchavadze. Esforçando-se por sua plena independência, Helena, com 16 anos, noivou com o vice-governador de Erevan, Nikifor Vassilyevich Blavatsky, que tinha cerca de 40 anos. A cerimônia de casamento ocorreu em [[July 7]] de 1849. Em outubro, Helena deixou seu marido e partiu a cavalo para Tiflis retornando para seus parentes. <ref>[http://www.katinkahesselink.net/his/hishpb1.htm# New Light on the First Marriage of HPB] by Marina Cesar Sisson</ref><ref>исьмо А. М. Дондукову-Корсакову от 1 марта 1882 года // Блаватская Е. П. «Письма друзьям и сотрудникам». Сборник. Перев. с англ. — М., 2002. — С. 250 ISBN 5-93975-062-1</ref> Nikifor Blavatsky tentou obter um divórcio com o argumento de que "seu casamento nunca foi mais que uma formalidade". Sua tentativa falhou, no entanto, devido ao fato de a lei russa considerar desfavoravelmente o divórcio à época.
Bishop Wedgwood wrote several books and numerous articles. The [[Union Index of Theosophical Periodicals]] lists [http://www.austheos.org.au/cgi-bin/ui-csvsearch.pl?search=James+I+Wedgwood&method=exact 14 articles by or about James I. Wedgwood], [http://www.austheos.org.au/cgi-bin/ui-csvsearch.pl?search=JI+Wedgwood&method=all 64 articles under the name JI Wedgwood], and [http://www.austheos.org.au/cgi-bin/ui-csvsearch.pl?search=Bishop+Wedgwood&method=exact 9 under the name Bishop Wedgwood].


Não é certo quando Nikifor morreu. No diário de Helena há um recorte de jornal falando sobre sua vida, onde encontramos a frase: "Durante muitos anos eles [Helena e Nikifor] residiram juntos em Odessa e, finalmente, uma separação legal ocorreu". A este HPB adicionou duas notas. Um comentando sobre a sua estadia com o marido "por muitos anos" em que disse: "uma mentira - estive com ele por menos de três semanas". Para a segunda frase: "finalmente ocorreu uma separação legal", ela acrescentou: "legal, porque ele morreu". O nome e a data do jornal não aparecem na impressão, mas H.P.B. Escreveu em tinta acima do recorte: "Do N. Y. Mercury, 18 de janeiro de 1875".<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''Collected Writings'' vol. I (Wheaton, Ill: Theosophical Publishing House, 1988), 54.</ref>
== Additional resources ==
* [http://theosophy.ph/encyclo/index.php?title=Wedgwood,_James_Ingall Wedgwood, James Ingall] in Theosopedia.
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._I._Wedgwood J. I. Wedgwood] in Wikipedia.
* [http://www.thelccusa.org/about/history.html History] in Liberal Catholic Church website.
* [http://www.cwlworld.info/A_Farewell_Note.pdf The Liberal Catholic Tradition: A Farewell Note] by Pedro Oliveira.
* [https://cwleadbeater.wordpress.com/2016/05/28/james-ingall-wedgwood/ James Ingall Wedgwood] in CWLeadbeater.Wordpress.com.


=== Viagens ===
== Notes ==
 
Pouco depois de seu casamento, Mme. Blavatsky iniciou mais de 20 anos de extensivas viagens por todo o mundo, o que é extremamente difícil de rastrear por qualquer forma coerente. Entre 1848 e 1875 ela viajou ao redor do mundo por três vezes em busca de sabedoria sobre a natureza da vida e a finalidade da existência humana. Isso a colocou em contato com tradições místicas de todo o mundo. Uma vez que neste período de sua vida Blavatsky viajava sozinha, isto torna difícil para seus biógrafos o documentarem, embora tenha escrito e falado sobre suas aventuras em anos posteriores. N.A. Fadeyeva relatou que apenas seu pai sabia onde estava sua filha e, de tempos em tempos, enviava dinheiro para ela.
 
Aqui temos um relato cronológico em que ela esteve: [[Blavatsky’s travels]].
 
=== Encontro com Mestre Morya ===
 
Em seu caderno de anotações, agora no Arquivo de Adyar, Índia, Mme. Blavatsky diz que conheceu seu mestre, [[Morya | Master M.]], pela primeira vez em corpo físico em Ramsgate, em seu vigésimo aniversário, [[August 12]], em 1851. No entanto, ela contou à Condessa [[ Constance Wachtmeister]] que "Ramsgate" era um disfarce, pois o encontro fora no Hyde Park, Londres. Ela disse a [[Alfred Percy Sinnett | A. P. Sinnett]] que isso foi "no ano da primeira embaixada do Nepal", isto é, em 1850.
 
É quase certo que H.P.B. estava em Londres no verão de 1854, porque ela diz que ela encontrou novamente seu Mestre "na casa de um estranho na Inglaterra, onde ele veio na companhia de um nativo príncipe destronado". Este era sem dúvida o Príncipe Dhuleep Singh, Mahârâja de Lahore.<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''Collected Writings'' vol. I (Wheaton, Ill: Theosophical Publishing House, 1988), xli.</ref>
 
=== No Tibet ===
 
O tema acerca da permanência de Mme. Blavatsky no Tibete está envolvida em um considerável mistério, pois ela manteve secreta a informação em segredo. Em 1884 escreveu o seguinte:
 
<blockquote>Eu vivi em períodos diferentes no pequeno Tibet bem como no Grande Tibet, e... esses períodos combinados perfazem mais de sete anos. No entanto, nunca afirmei verbalmente nem em minha assinatura que tivesse passado sete anos consecutivos em um convento. O que eu disse, e repito agora, é que eu permaneci em conventos Lamaicos; Que eu visitei Tzi-gadze, o território Tashi-Lhunpo e seus arredores, e que fiquei mais além, e em lugares do Tibete que nunca foram visitados por qualquer outro europeu, em que eles mais jamais esperaram visitar.<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''Collected Writings'' vol. VI (Wheaton, IL: Theosophical Publishing House, 1989), 272.</ref></blockquote>
 
Em algum momento durante 1852 ela tentou entrar no Tibete através do Nepal. Esta primeira tentativa falhou devido ao que ela acreditava ser a oposição da guarda britânica. Quando ela tentou atravessar o rio Rangit, ela foi vista e trazida de volta.<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''Collected Writings'' vol. I (Wheaton, Ill: Theosophical Publishing House, 1988), xl.</ref>
 
Em 1855, ela e alguns amigos formaram um plano para penetrar no Tibete sob vários disfarces. De acordo com o Sr. Sinnett, H.P.B. atravessou o território tibetano com a ajuda de um Shaman da Tartária que estava a caminho da Sibéria, enquanto os outros estavam impedidos de realizar seu plano.<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''Collected Writings'' vol. I (Wheaton, Ill: Theosophical Publishing House, 1988), xlii.</ref>
 
Presume-se que em algum momento em 1868 H.P.B. percorreu a Índia até algumas partes do Tibete. É nesta jornada que conheceu o Mestre K.H. ([[Koot Hoomi|Master K.H.]]) pela primeira vez, e viveu na casa de sua irmã em Shigadze.<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''Collected Writings'' vol. I (Wheaton, Ill: Theosophical Publishing House, 1988), xlviii.</ref>
 
Em [[November 11]] de 1870, sua tia, Sra. [[Nadyezhda Andreyevna de Fadeyev]], recebeu a primeira carta conhecida do Mestre K.H. Afirmando que H.P.B. estava bem e voltaria em breve para a família.
 
É importante ter em mente que o termo Tibete era usado de uma maneira geral que incluia não apenas o Tibet propriamente dito, mas também regiões como Ladakh (então conhecido como Pequeno Tibet).
 
=== Sociedade Espírita (Société Spirite) ===
 
 
Em 1871 Mme. Blavatsky embarcou para o Egito partindo da Grécia, onde viu o mestre Hillarion ([[Hillarion|Master Hillarion]]). O navio estava carregando armas e pólvora como proteção contra piratas e em [[July 4]] de 1871, seu compartimento de pólvora explodiu, provocando uma considerável perda de vidas. No entanto H.P.B. não se feriu. Finalmente ela chegou a Alexandria com quase nenhum dinheiro. Em outubro ou novembro foi ao Cairo onde conheceu Emma Coulomb ([[Emma Coulomb]]) (à época ainda Sra.Emma Cutting) que lhe fez um empréstimo por certo período.<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''Collected Writings'' vol. I (Wheaton, Ill: Theosophical Publishing House, 1988), xlix.</ref>
 
Foi nesta época que H.P.B. fez uma primeira tentativa de investigar e explicar a natureza dos fenômenos ([[phenomena]]). Com este propósito formou a "Sociedade Espírita" (Société Spirite) para a investigação do Espiritismo ([[Spiritism]]) do ocultista francês Allan Kardec ([[Allan Kardec]]). Parece que isso foi feito contra o conselho de Paulos Metamon, conhecido ocultista e místico copto com quem ela estava em contato à época.<ref>Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, ''Collected Writings'' vol. I (Wheaton, Ill: Theosophical Publishing House, 1988), xlix.</ref> Sua irmã Vera de Zhelihovsky, com quem trocava  correspondência durante esses anos, escreveu que H.P.B. escolheu começar desta forma  "uma vez que não havia outra filosofia disponível ([philosophy available]); Para dar às pessoas a chance de ver por si mesmas como estavam erradas. Ela primeiro daria espaço a um ensino já estabelecido e aceito e então, quando o público veria que nada estava acontecia, ela então ofereceria suas próprias explicações ".<ref>John Algeo (ed.), ''The Letters of H. P. Blavatsky''. (Wheaton: Theosophical Publishing House, 2003), 21.</ref>
 
No entanto, a Sociedade Espírita fracassou num prazo de apenas quinze dias, já que a Blavatsky não conseguiu encontrar mediuns honestos e qualificados para fazer o tipo de pesquisa que ela divisara
 
== Vida nos Estados Unidos ==
 
Probably in June, 1873, while in Paris, Mme. Blavatsky received an order from [[Morya|her Master]] to go to New York. She arrived in New York on [[July 7]] and began to work designing illustrated advertising-cards. She also seems to have tried some ornamental leather work, artificial flowers, and cravats.
 
In July of 1874 Col. [[Henry Steel Olcott|Henry S. Olcott]] became interested in [[Spiritualism]] and decided to investigate and report as a journalist the spiritualistic phenomena taking place at the Eddy farmhouse in Chittenden, Vermont. He went back to New York after a few days and published an account for the New York Sun. On [[September 17]] he returned to Chittenden for further investigation and on [[October 14]], acting on instructions received, HPB joined him, quickly becoming friends.
 
Through her [[Occultism|occult]] training, Mme. Blavatsky had develop [[Siddhi|psychic abilities]] that allowed her to command the [[elemental]]s (certain invisible powers of nature) through which she could perform many [[phenomena]]. Col. Olcott began to witness some of these abilities and naturally became very interested in this. As she began to instruct him in the [[Occult Science]] and the [[Esoteric Philosophy]], the two started working together in connection with the Spiritualistic movement in the US. During this time, HPB performed at will many phenomena normally ascribed to “the spirits,” and published articles in different spiritualistic journals explaining the origin and nature of these psychic incidents, in ways that contradicted many of the Spiritualists' theories. Most spiritualists were not pleased with HPB’s attempt to reform, sometimes quite radically, their beliefs.
 
See also: [[Phenomena]]
 
[[File:HPB citizenship.jpg|160px|right|thumb|Grant of citizenship]]
=== Cidadania Americana ===
[[File:HPB citizenship 1.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Certificate of citizenship]]
On [[September 22]], 1874, Mme. Blavatsky signs a U.S.A. Government application form expressing her intention to become naturalized.
 
On [[July 8]], 1878, "Helen P. Blavatsky" appeared in the Court of Common Pleas in New York City and completed the process of applying for citizenship in the United States. She was the first Russian woman to be naturalized as an American citizen.
 
According to [[Boris de Zirkoff]] in 1978, her naturalization papers were in the hands of Geoffrey Watkins<ref>Boris de Zirkoff letter to Dora Kunz. October 17, 1978. Boris de Zirkoff Papers. Records Series 22. Theosophical Society in America Archives.</ref>, who was the son of [[John Watkins]], a personal friend of Blavatsky<ref>[http://www.watkinsbooks.com/shop-history# "History of Watkins"] at WatkinsBooks.com</ref>.
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=== Segundo Casamento ===
 
On [[April 3]], 1875, a few months before founding the [[Theosophical Society]], Mme. Blavatsky married a Georgian importer living in Philadelphia, [[Michael C. Betanelly]]. The wedding was conducted by Rev. William H. Furness at the First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia.<ref>GBC letter to Boris de Zirkoff, dated March 9, 1956. Boris de Zirkoff Papers. Records Series 22. Theosophical Society in America Archives. The church was located at Chestnut and Van Pelt Street, and the pastor described HPB as Russian, aged 36 [she was actually 43] and her husband as Russian, aged 33.</ref> She had agreed to this marriage after her suitor agreed that she could retain her name and independence, and that it was a marriage in name only. Colonel Olcott was astonished at the situation and she later told him that the situation resulted from karmic complications from past lives.<ref>Charles J. Ryan, ''H. P. Blavatsky and the Theosophical Movement'' (Pasadena: Theosophical University Press), 55.</ref> The marriage broke off after several months and Betanelly sued for divorce, which was finally granted on [[May 25]], 1878, with [[William Quan Judge|William Q. Judge]] acting as Blavatsky's counsel.
 
=== O Cachorro Branco ===
[[File:White dog cafe.jpg|right|150px|thumb|White Dog Cafe]]
In 1875 Mme. Blavatsky resided at 3420 Sansom Street, in Philadelphia, PA. During the last days of January she injured her leg and her knee. By the middle of April [[John King]] cured the leg, but the trouble returned owing to lack of rest. By May her leg grew worse, becoming paralyzed and doctors and surgeons said the leg should be amputated. She dismissed their advice saying, "Fancy my father's daughter--on a wooden leg--fancy my leg going in the spirit land before me!"<ref>John Algeo, ''The Letters of H. P. Blavatsky'' Letter No. 47, (Wheaton, IL: The Theosophical Publishing House, 2003), 176-177.</ref>
 
A message precipitated from John King claimed that he would cure it. On [[June 3]], at midnight, HPB laid cold, pulse-less, and rigid; her injured leg had swollen to twice the natural size and had turned black. Her physician had given her up and her attendants thought her to be dead. However, within a few hours, the swelling subsided and she revived. Her leg was cured after two days of cold ''poultices'' and having a white pup laying at night across it. The story of the white dog has entered into Philadelphia lore with a restaurant called "The White Dog Cafe" located since 1983 in the building where Blavatsky lived.
 
During that time HPB was very ill and, according to her husband [[Michael C. Betanelly]], she sometimes appeared to be "dead". As it would appear from [[Serapis|Master Serapis]]' letters to [[Henry Steel Olcott|Col. Olcott]] she underwent a serious trial or [[initiation]]. By the end of June, HPB had recovered fully.
 
=== O Clube dos Milagres ===
 
While living in New York, Mme. Blavatsky started publishing some articles and letters on [[Spiritualism]], [[Magic]], and [[Occultism]]. According to [[Henry Steel Olcott|Col. Olcott]] this and "the stories that were afloat about her magical powers, and our several affirmations of the existence of non-human races of spiritual beings, drew into our acquaintanceship numbers of bright, clever people of occult leanings".<ref>Henry Steel Olcott, ''Old Diary Leaves'' First Series (Adyar, Madras: The Theosophical Publishing House, 1974), 113-114.</ref> At this time Mme. Blavatsky recorded the following in her scrap-book:
 
<blockquote>An attempt in consequence of orders received from [[Tuitit Bey|T*** B***]] through P*** personating [[John King]]. Ordered to begin telling the public the truth about the [[phenomena]] and their [[Mediumship|mediums]]. And now my martyrdom will begin! I shall have all the [[Spiritualism|Spiritualists]] against me, in addition to the [[Christianity|Christians]] and the Sceptics. Thy will, oh [[Morya|M.]], be done. H.P.B.<ref>Henry Steel Olcott, ''Old Diary Leaves'' First Series (Adyar, Madras: The Theosophical Publishing House, 1974), 25.</ref></blockquote>
 
In May 1875 it was decided to form a private investigating committee under the title of the "Miracle Club" where the phenomena of spiritualism would be studied, tested, and demonstrated; "All the manifestations, including materialisations, to occur in the light, and without a cabinet".<ref>Henry Steel Olcott, ''Old Diary Leaves'' First Series (Adyar, Madras: The Theosophical Publishing House, 1974), 25-26.</ref> This attempt, however, failed, mainly because the medium that was to be involved wanted to earn money from this endeavor, something HPB always opposed.
 
=== Fundação da Sociedade Teosófica ===
 
In July 1875, HPB wrote in her scrapbook: "Orders received from India direct to establish a philosophico-religious society and choose a name for it, also to choose Olcott."<ref>Daniel H. Caldwell, ''The Esoteric World of Madame Blavatsky'' (Wheaton, Ill., Quest Books, 2001), 71</ref>
 
On [[September 7]], sixteen or seventeen people joined HPB in her rooms at 46 Irving Place to hear a lecture by [[George H. Felt]] on "The Lost Canon of Proportion of the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans." The talk was enthusiastically received and [[Henry Steel Olcott|H. S. Olcott]] wrote on a slip of paper "Would it not be a good thing to form a society from this kind of study?" He handed it to [[William Quan Judge|W. Q. Judge]] to pass it to HPB, who nodded in assent.<ref>Sylvia Cranston, ''H.P.B. The Extraordinary Life & Influence of Helena Blavatsky'', (New York: Putnam Book, 1993), 143.</ref>
 
At subsequent meetings bylaws were decided upon and officers were elected, with Col. Olcott as President, [[G. H. Felt]] and Dr. [[Seth Pancoast]] as Vice-Presidents; Madame Blavatsky, Corresponding Secretary; and W. Q. Judge as Counsel to the Society.
On [[November 17]], seventy days after the formation of the Society was proposed, Col. Olcott gave his inaugural address as President-Founder of the newly formed [[Theosophical Society]].
 
See also [[Founding of the Theosophical Society]].
 
=== A "Lamaseria" ===
[[File:HP Blavatsky 1877.jpg|200px|right|thumb|H. P. Blavatsky around 1876-1877, in New York.]]
Since June 1876 till December 1878 Mme. Blavatsky and [[Henry Steel Olcott|Col. Olcott]] lived in an apartment situated at 302 West 47th Street in New York. Known as [[The Lamasery|the "Lamasery"]], the place became the unofficial headquarters of the newly formed Theosophical Society and a center of attraction for people interested in [[Occultism]], [[Kabbalah]], [[Spiritualism]], Platonism, as well as those curious about [[phenomena]]. Col. Olcott and Mr. Judge were nearly always present, and, after the departure of the visitors would remain far into the night immersed in study and discussion.
 
See also [[The Lamasery]].
 
=== ''Ísis Sem Véu'' ===
 
H. P. Blavatsky's first major literary effort was [[Isis Unveiled (book)|''Isis Unveiled'']], a critical response to the growing materialism in both scientific and religious institutions. The book was started in 1875, a few months before the formation of the [[Theosophical Society]], although at the time HPB did not know what was to become of the growing pile of manuscripts.
 
Described as "A Master-Key to the Mysteries of Ancient and Modern Science and Theology," the book was published in two volumes on [[September 29]], 1877, quickly becoming a classic in occult literature. Two large editions of this "epoch-making" work were sold immediately, and new editions have been appearing ever since.
 
On [[December 18]], 1878, five months after being officially naturalized as a U.S. citizen, Mme. Blavatsky (along with [[Henry Steel Olcott|Col. Olcott]], [[Edward Wimbridge]], and [[Rosa Bates]] left for India via England. She would not return to the country again. The party arrived in London on [[January 3]], 1879, and spent two weeks at the house of [[Harry J. Billing|Dr.]] and [[Mary Hollis Billing|Mrs. Billing]]. They sailed for Bombay on [[January 19]].
 
== Vida na Índia ==
=== Chega à Bombaim ===
Mme. Blavatsky and the party arrived in Bombay on [[February 16]], 1879. In October of this year she started publishing [[The Theosophist (periodical)|The Theosophist]]. On [[December 4]] [[Founders#"The Founders"|the Founders]] visited [[Alfred Percy Sinnett|A. P. Sinnett]], editor of  [[The Pioneer (periodical)|''The Pioneer'']], who would become an important figure in the early [[Theosophical Society]]. A second visit was paid in 1880 where Mme. Blavatsky performed many wonderful [[phenomena]] that Mr. Sinnett described in his book [[The Occult World (book)|''The Occult World'']].
 
During 1880 Mme. Blavatsky suffered much personal attacks concerning her identity and antecedents. Being Russian and earning money from publication of stories in Russian newspapers, the British government feared she was a Russian spy.
 
=== Tomando o Pansil ===
 
On [[May 25]], 1880, at the invitation of two head Buddhist monks of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Mme. Blavatsky and a group of [[Theosophist]]s went to the island. Here they "took Pansil", that is, they formally identified themselves with [[Buddhism]] by reciting the Five Precepts at the Vijayananda Temple in Galle.
 
[[File:Crows Nest Bombay.jpg|380px|right|thumb|Crow's Nest, Bombay]]
=== Período "Crow's Nest" ===
 
By the end of December 1880, after their second visit to the Sinnetts, Mme. Blavatsky and Col. Olcott moved to a spacious house on the hill of Breach Candy, Bombay, nicknamed the "Crow's Nest". This became a great center of Theosophical activity, [[phenomena]], and visitations by the [[Masters of Wisdom]].
 
In July 1882 Mme. Blavatsky traveled incognito to go into Sikkim. At about thirty miles into Sikkim territory she met physically Masters [[Morya|M.]] and [[Koot Hoomi|K.H.]] with whom she spent two days. The latter, wrote about this in [[Mahatma Letter No. 92#Page 20|one of his letters]]:
 
<blockquote>I do not believe I was ever so profoundly touched by anything I witnessed in all my life, as I was with the poor old creature’s ecstatic rapture, when meeting us recently both in our natural bodies, one — after three years, the other — nearly two years absence and separation in flesh. Even our phlegmatic M. was thrown off his balance by such an exhibition — of which he was chief hero. He had to use his power, and plunge her into a profound sleep, otherwise she would have burst some blood-vessel including kidneys, liver and her “interiors” — to use our friend [[William Oxley|Oxley’s]] favourite expression — in her delirious attempts to flatten her nose against his riding mantle besmeared with the Sikkim mud! We both laughed; yet could we feel otherwise but touched?<ref>Vicente Hao Chin, Jr., ''The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett in chronological sequence'' No. 92 (Quezon City: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993), ???.</ref></blockquote>
 
=== Período Adyar ===
 
On [[April 23]], 1882, [[Founders#"The Founders"|the Founders]] arrived by ship at Madras, where they met [[T. Subba Row]], and others. On [[May 31]] they were taken to see a piece of property as a possible new headquarters for the Theosophical Society. When Mme. Blavatsky saw the Estate she declared "Master wants this purchased".<ref>[http://www.blavatskyarchives.com/chettyodl.htm# Old Diary Leaves] by G. Subbiah Chetty</ref>
 
On [[December 17]] Mme. Blavatsky and [[Henry Steel Olcott|Col. Olcott]] left Bombay by train heading for Adyar, accompanied by the [[Emma Coulomb|Emma]] and [[Alexis Coulomb]], [[Damodar K. Mavalankar|Damodar]], [[Gwala K. Deb|"Mr. Deb"]], Dora Swami Naidu, and five Hindu servants. They arrived on the [[December 19|19th]], 1882.
 
In 1883 she passed most of her time editing [[The Theosophist (periodical)|''The Theosophist'']] (which was the main source of Theosophical teachings at the time) and answering correspondence. It also fell to her to take charge of both [[chela]]s and lay chelas.<ref>Josephine Ransom, ''A Short History of The Theosophical Society'' (Adyar, Madras, India: The Theosophical Publishing House, 1989), 178.</ref>
 
In the second part of the year she spent about three months in the "Blue Mountains" (Nilgiri Hills) investigating the primitive Toda people living there. Her account was eventually published in book form under the title of [[The People of the Blue Mountains (book)|''The People of the Blue Mountains'']].
 
=== Visitando a Europa ===
 
At a council meeting on [[January 20]], 1884, it was decided that Mme. Blavatsky should accompany [[Henry Steel Olcott|Col. Olcott]] on his trip to Europe, partly for reasons of health. Before leaving the President issued a special order designating some members of the General Council to act as a Board of Control during his absence to take care of the official business.
 
They left [[Adyar (campus)|Adyar]] and reached Marseilles on [[March 13]]. HPB stayed in France for about three week, mostly in Paris. On [[April 7]], she unexpectedly appeared at the election of officers in the [[London Lodge]].
 
On [[August 17]] she visited the [[Gebhard Family]] at Elberfeld, Germany. It was here that she heard from [[Damodar K. Mavalankar]] in Adyar about the attack from the Missionaries, incited by [[Emma Coulomb]], accusing HPB of having fraudulent [[phenomena]].
 
Mme. Blavatsky left for India from Liverpool on [[October 5]], 1884, accompanied by [[Isabelle Cooper-Oakley]] and [[A. J. Cooper-Oakley|her husband]]. They were joined by [[Charles Webster Leadbeater|C. W. Leadbeater]] at Port Said, in north east Egypt. After stopping in Cairo, they went to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and joined [[Henry Steel Olcott|Col. Olcott]] there. They arrived at [[Adyar (campus)|Adyar]] on [[December 17]], 1884.
 
=== O Relatório Hodgson ===
 
In 1884, while [[Founders#"The Founders"|the Founders]] were in Europe the members of the Board of Control at Adyar could not tolerate [[Emma Coulomb]] any longer. They asked her to leave and she planned to take revenge. She and her husband Alexis went to the missionaries in Madras (now Channai) and organized an attack on Mme. Blavatsky.
 
When HPB arrived at Madras on [[December 17]] she received a tumultuous reception. She spoke in Pachaiappa's Hall packed with supporters, and declared that [[Emma Coulomb]]'s letters, as they stand, had not been written by her.
 
The [[Society for Psychical Research]] (S.P.R.) decided to send young [[Richard Hodgson]] to [[Adyar (campus)|Adyar]] to investigate Mme. Blavatsky's [[phenomena]], the production of the [[Mahatma Letters]], and the Coulomb's accusations. He arrived at Adyar in November, 1884, were he was friendly received. However, he began to be deceived by Emma and her husband into believing that she had faked them.
 
In April 1885 Hodgson returned to London. At the General Meeting of the S.P.R. held on [[June 24]] he presented a 200-page report declaring that Mme. Blavatsky was one of the most gifted, ingenious and interesting impostors in history.
 
Although her reputation was seriously damaged due to this report, the next years of her life can be regarded as the most productive in her role as a spiritual teacher.
 
In January 1885, while in [[Adyar (campus)|Adyar]], Mme. Blavatsky's became seriously ill. One night when she was about to die when [[Morya|Master M.]] came and laid his hands upon her to bring her back from death.<ref>Josephine Ransom, ''A Short History of The Theosophical Society'' (Adyar, Madras, India: The Theosophical Publishing House, 1989), 218.</ref> Unable to perform any administrative duties due to her health, on [[March 21]] 1885 she resigned as Corresponding Secretary of the [[Theosophical Society]].
 
Eventually, partly because of her health and partly to diffuse the effects of the accusations brought by the [[Emma Coulomb|Coulombs]], Mme. Blavatsky was "sent to Europe", in spite of her protests.
 
That this move had been contemplated by the [[Masters of Wisdom|Masters]] for some time can be ascertained from a letter [[Koot Hoomi|Master K.H.]] wrote to [[Alfred Percy Sinnett|A. P. Sinnett]] in October, 1884. In reference to Mme. Blavatsky, he stated:
 
<blockquote>She is permitted to retire for three reasons (1) to disconnect the [[Theosophical Society|T.S.]] from her [[phenomena]], now tried to be represented all fraudulent; (2) to help it by removing the chief cause of the hatred against it; (3) to try and restore the health of the body, so it may be used for some years longer.<ref>Vicente Hao Chin, Jr., ''The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett in chronological sequence'' No. 130 (Quezon City: Theosophical Publishing House, 1993), 434.</ref></blockquote>
 
See also: [[Hodgson Report]]
 
== Vida na Europa ==
On [[March 31]], 1885, [[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky|Mme. Blavatsky]] sailed away from India, never to return. With her went [[Babaji]], [[Franz Hartmann|Dr. Hartmann]], and [[Mary Flynn]] to look after her.
 
She stayed in Torre del Greco, Italy, for about three months and in August then decided to go to Wurzburg, near Munich, Germany. With the regaining of her health she started to become involved in the administration of the TS in Europe and she started working in a systematic way on her next book, [[The Secret Doctrine (book)|''The Secret Doctrine'']].
 
=== ''A Doutrina Secreta'' ===
 
In May 1879, soon after moving to India, Mme. Blavatsky started designing a new book on [[Theosophy]] that would eventually become [[The Secret Doctrine (book)|''The Secret Doctrine'']].
 
In January 1884 the Supplement to [[The Theosophist (periodical)|''The Theosophist'']] published an advertising announcing that "a New Version of [[Isis Unveiled (book)|''Isis Unveiled'']]", which was to be published in monthly. Although Mme. Blavatsky had some written material to start the monthly installments, this never came to fruition in the way planned, due to ill-health, her travel to Europe, and the [[Hodgson_Report#Coulomb_affair|Coulomb affair]].
 
In the fall of 1885, a few months after HPB moved to Wurzburg, Germany, she started working steadily on its writing. The [[Constance Wachtmeister|Countess Wachtmeister]] moved with HPB to help her in this endeavor. As the writing of the book developed with the help of Masters [[Morya|M.]] and [[Koot Hoomi|K.H.]], HPB realized it was much more than a rewriting of ''Isis Unveiled''. In a letter to [[Alfred Percy Sinnett|A. P. Sinnett]] she said she felt that this could vindicate the [[Theosophical Society]] after the unfavorable [[Hodgson Report|Report]] that Hodgson made.<ref>A. Trevor Barker, ''The Letters of H. P. Blavatsky to A. P. Sinnett'' Letter No. CXVI, (Pasadena, CA: Theosophical University Press, 1973), 79.</ref>
 
In the spring of 1886 she sent a preliminary manuscript of the first volume to Adyar, where [[T. Subba Row]] was supposed to read it and contribute in what had to do with [[Hinduism|Hindu philosophy]]. However, he refused to do so. HPB moved to Ostende, Belgium, where she continued working on the book.
 
The First Volume of ''The Secret Doctrine'' came off the Press on [[October 20]], 1888, while the Second Volume was out towards the end of the year.
 
=== Doença de Bright ===
[[File:HPB reading book JPEG.jpg|160px|left|thumb|HPB reading in London, in 1887.]]
By the end of March 1887 she fell gravely ill with a kidney infection. She was not expected to live. [[Morya|Master M.]] came at night and asked her if she wanted to be freed from the body or live, amidst much suffering, finish ''The Secret Doctrine'' and do some more work for [[Theosophy]] in Europe. She agreed on finishing the book. On [[May 1]], 1887, at the invitation of [[Archibald Keightley|Archibald]] and [[Bertram Keightley]] she moved to London. She settled with a few devoted friends in Lansdowne Road, Notting Hill, in September 1887.<ref>''The Vahan''. January 1, 1891.</ref> A group of earnest students took care of her and helped her finish and publish her book.
 
=== Loja Blavatsky ===
 
Soon after Mme. Blavatsky arrived in London the group of student that had gathered around her convinced her of the need to form a TS Lodge. This was done, and they called it "[[Blavatsky Lodge|The Blavatsky Lodge of the Theosophical Society]]". In addition, they decided to form a Theosophical Publishing Company and start a Theosophical journal they daringly called [[Lucifer (periodical)|Lucifer]], with HPB and Mabel Collins as editors. HPB wrote many articles for this.
 
After the publishing of [[The Secret Doctrine (book)|''The Secret Doctrine'']] the Lodge met regularly to discuss with HPB any obscure points they found in its first volume. The dialogues they held were partially published under the title [http://www.phx-ult-lodge.org/Transactions.htm# ''Transactions of the Blavatsky Lodge''] and later a complete version was published as [https://www.hightail.com/download/bWJvY05rdGpubVhvS3NUQw# ''The Secret Doctrine Commentaries'']. In these meetings the content of another important book by HPB, [[The Key to Theosophy (book)|''The Key to Theosophy'']] was also discussed before its publication.
 
=== Seção Esotérica ===
[[File:Blavatsky Olcott.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Last photo of Mme. Blavatsky and Col. Olcott together, taken in London, Oct. 1888]]
On [[October 9]], 1888, as a response to the demand by many earnest members to have esoteric teachings given by H. P. Blavatsky, [[Henry Steel Olcott|Col. Olcott]] agreed to form the "[[Esoteric Section|Esoteric Section of the Theosophical Society]]" with Mme. Blavatsky as its responsible head.
 
In August 1890 she formed an [[Esoteric_Section#Inner_Group|"Inner Group"]] of this Section mainly with some of her students living in London at the time. The group held its meetings weekly in HPB's place, at 19 Avenue Rd, in a room specially built for it. Participants would ask questions in regards to the [[Esoteric Philosophy]] or the spiritual practice and HPB would answer.
 
=== ''A Voz do Silêncio'' ===
 
In July, 1889, Mme. Blavatsky went to Fontainebleau, France, for a few week's rest. There she wrote most of the material that would turn into the mystical Theosophical work known as [[The Voice of the Silence (book)|''The Voice of the Silence'']]. This book is a translation of three treatises contained in a secret work, ''[[The Book of the Golden Precepts]]'', which she had learned by heart during her training in Tibet.
 
During this time HPB received a visit from the newly joined [[Herbert Burrows]] and [[Annie Besant]]. In regards to the writing of this book, Mrs. Besant said:
 
<blockquote>She wrote it swiftly, without any material copy before her.  I sat in the room while she was writing it.  I know that she did not write it referring to any books, but she wrote it down steadily, hour after hour, exactly as though she were writing either from memory or from reading it where no book was and in the evening made me read it aloud to see if the 'English was decent.' Herbert Burrows was there, and Mrs. Candler, a staunch American Theosophist, and we sat round HPB while I read.  The translation was in perfect and beautiful English, flowing and musical; only a word or two could we find to alter, and she looked at us like a startled child, wondering at our praises—praise that any one with the literary sense would endorse if they read that exquisite prose poem.<ref>Annie Besant, ''The Masters'', (Adyar, Madras: The Theosophical Press, 1977), 32-33.</ref></blockquote>
 
== Outros Escritos ==
 
There exists no definite evidence that Mme. Blavatsky had ever published any articles, essays or letters to Editors prior to October, 1874, although there are statements that seem to indicate that her literary work began much earlier in life. Besides the books she wrote, for much of her adult life HPB supported herself by writing travelogues and stories for Russian periodicals.
 
For a list of her books and other writings, see [[Blavatsky writings]].
 
[[File:HPB death mask.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Death mask of HPB, from ''The Theosophist'', May 1991]]
== Morte ==
In April, 1891, a very serious epidemic of influenza struck London. Practically the entire staff at 19 Avenue Rd. was affected, with three of them being at death's door. On [[April 25]]th, H.P.B. had a very high fever. On the [[April 30|30th]], she developed an abscess in her throat, and then another on the bronchial tubes, and became progressively weaker. On [[May 6]] she somewhat improved and managed to walk into her sitting room, although she said she felt she was dying. However, on [[May 8]], at 11 a.m., H.P.B. grew worse. Seated in her chair, she passed away at 2:25 p.m., GMT, surrounded by [[Laura M. Cooper|Miss Laura Cooper]], [[Claude Falls Wright]], [[Walter Gorn Old]], and Miss Black, the nurse.<ref>Daniel H. Caldwell, ''The Esoteric World of Madame Blavatsky: Insights into the Life of a Modern Sphinx'' (Wheaton:Quest Books, 2001), 396-397.</ref>  The Countess [[Constance Wachtmeister]] and [[Isabel Cooper-Oakley]] arrived just after she passed. Miss Cooper left a detailed account of the event.<ref>Laura M. Cooper, "How She Left Us," ''H.P.B.: In Memory of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky'' (London: Theosophical Publishing Society, 1891), 3-7.</ref>
 
H.P.B. had left instructions that "no parade or show of any kind should be made over her body."<ref>G. R. S. Mead,"The Cremation," ''H.P.B.: In Memory of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky'' (London: Theosophical Publishing Society, 1891), 7.</ref> Her body was cremated at Woking Crematorium, Surrey, on [[May 11]], 1891. [[G. R. S. Mead]], General Secretary of the European Section and H.P.B.'s private secretary, addressed the small assembly of officers, staff, and friends, and then the ashes were returned to her own rooms.<ref>G. R. S. Mead,"The Cremation," 8-11. Available at [https://archive.org/stream/hpbinmemoryhele00unkngoog/hpbinmemoryhele00unkngoog_djvu.txt Internet Archive.</ref>
 
Between May 8 and 9 [[Henry Steel Olcott|Col. Olcott]] had three distinct warnings about Mme. Blavatsky's passing. He received a cablegram about the fact on [[May 10]].
 
On [[July 9]], 1891, the First Annual Convention of the European Branches was held in London. [[William Quan Judge|W. Q. Judge]] offered a resolution for the creation of an "H.P.B. Memorial Fund". Col. Olcott, as Chairman, suggested the partition of H.P.B.'s ashes. Some of the ashes are buried under the Blavatsky and Olcott statues in the [[Adyar (campus)|Adyar headquarters]] that they had established in 1882.
[[File:HPB-HSO statues in Adyar.jpg|280px|right|thumb|Statues of H.P. Blavatsky and H.S. Olcott at Adyar headquarters.]]
 
== Homenagens e Memorial ==
 
Almost every year, the Theosophical Society in England sponsors another in its series of '''[[Blavatsky Lectures]]''', delivered by some of the best speakers in the Theosophical world.
The first '''Blavatsky Lodge''' was in London, but similar names have also been adopted by groups in Sydney, Auckland, Berlin, Brussels, Colombia, Vancouver, Mumbai, Richmond (BC), and at least seven groups in the [[Theosophical Society in America]]. The name '''Blavatsky Hall''' has been used in London, Mumbai, Chennai, Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Francisco. '''Blavatsky Avenue''' is found in Jakarta and in Adyar, Chennai. The '''Blavatsky Study Centre''' is at the [http://tsperth.wikkii.com/wiki/Mt._Helena_Retreat Mt. Helena Retreat] near Perth, Australia.
 
'''[[H. P. Blavatsky House-Museum]]''' in Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine is a museum located in the house in which HPB was born. The '''Blavatsky Study Centre''' is at the [http://tsperth.wikkii.com/wiki/Mt._Helena_Retreat Mt. Helena Retreat] near Perth, Australia.
The '''[[H. P. B. Library]]''' in Canada was founded by [[Alice L. Cleather]], who also helped establish the '''[[Blavatsky Association]]''' that existed from 1923 to 1945.
 
A brief summary of her continued influence in many countries can be found at '''"[[H.P.Blavatsky's heritage in the modern world]]"'''.
 
=== Contos Dramáticos e Ficção ===
 
Madame Blavatsky continues to fascinate modern writers, and is frequently mentioned in plays, popular fiction, Web-based fan fiction, and blog postings. Here are some examples:
 
* Serra, Francesca Serra. ''La grande Blavatsky''. 2016. Italian novel.
 
[[File:Bronze_medallion.jpg|right|230px|thumb|Bronze medallion by William R. O'Donovan]]
 
== Pinturas e Esculturas de HPB ==
 
American sculptor [[William R. O’Donovan]] created a bronze medallion of Madame Blavatsky while the [[Founders]] were still in New York. It appeared as the frontispiece in the first volume of [[Old Diary Leaves (book)|''Old Diary Leaves'']].
 
== Fontes Online ==
 
For online resources of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky's writings see [[Blavatsky writings]].
 
===Artigos e Panfletos===
*[http://theosophy.ph/encyclo/index.php?title=Blavatsky,_Helena_Petrovna# H. P. Blavatsky] in Theosopedia.
*[http://www.theosophical.org/publications/quest-magazine/1492# Blavatsky and Mount Rushmore] by John Algeo
*[http://hpb.narod.ru/HPB_Light_Bringer.htm# H. P. Blavatsky - the Light-Bringer] by Geoffrey A. Barborka
*[http://www.blavatskyarchives.com/dallasblavatsky.htm# HPB - Chronological Review of Events in her Life] published by Blavatsky Study Center
*[http://www.theosophical.ca/adyar_pamphlets/AdyarPamphlet_No157.pdf# The Theosophical Society and H.P.B.] by Annie Besant and H.T. Patterson
*[http://www.blavatskyfoundation.org/carrith1.htm# The Truth About Madame Blavatsky] by Walter A. Carrithers, Jr.
*[http://blavatskyarchives.com/cooperl1891.htm# How She Left Us] by Laura M. Cooper
*[http://www.blavatsky.net/theosophy/judge/articles/esoteric-she.htm# The Esoteric She] by William Q. Judge
*[http://www.blavatsky.net/theosophy/judge/articles/lionhearted-colleague-passes.htm# H.P.B. - A Lion-Hearted Colleague Passes] by William Q. Judge
*[http://www.blavatsky.net/theosophy/judge/articles/hpb-at-enghien.htm# H.P.B. at Enghien] by William Q. Judge
*[http://www.blavatsky.net/theosophy/judge/articles/hpb-not-deserted.htm# H.P.B. Was Not Deserted by the Masters] by William Q. Judge
*[http://www.blavatsky.net/theosophy/judge/articles/yours-till-death-and-after.htm# "Yours Till Death and After, H.P.B."] by William Q. Judge
*[http://www.katinkahesselink.net/his/mead.html# Address Read at the Cremation of HPB's Body] by G. R. S. Mead
*[http://www.blavatskyarchives.com/meadconhpb.htm# Concerning H.P.B. - Stray Thoughts on Theosophy] by G.R.S. Mead
*[http://www.katinkahesselink.net/his/shearman2.html# A Message Ahead of Its Time] by Hugh Shearman
*[http://www.katinkahesselink.net/his/hishpb1.htm# New Light on the First Marriage of HPB] by Marina Cesar Sisson
*[http://www.theosophical.org/publications/quest-magazine/1696# Against Blavatsky: Rene Guenon's Critique of Theosophy] by Richard Smoley
*[http://blavatskytheosophy.com/praise-for-h-p-blavatsky-and-theosophy# Praise for H.P. Blavatsky and Theosophy] at BlavatskyTheosophy.com
 
===Livros===
*[http://blavatskyarchives.com/theosophypdfs/wachtmeister_reminiscences_of_h__p__blavatsky_1893.pdf# Reminiscences of H.P. Blavatsky and ''The Secret Doctrine''] by Countess Constance Wachtmeister
 
===Áudio===
*[https://www.theosophical.org/files/resources/Downloads/mp3/algeo/The%20Real%20Madame%20Blavatsky.mp3# The Real Madame Blavatsky] by John Algeo
*[https://www.theosophical.org/files/resources/Downloads/mp3/algeo/Olcott%20and%20Blavatsky:%20Theosophical%20Twins.mp3# Olcott and Blavatsky: Theosophical Twins] by John Algeo
*[https://www.theosophical.org/files/resources/Downloads/mp3/bruce/H.%20P.%20Blavatsky%20Remembered:%20White%20Lotus%20Day%20Commemoration.mp3# H. P. Blavatsky Remembered: White Lotus Day Commemoration] by David Bruce
*[https://www.theosophical.org/files/resources/Downloads/mp3/dezirkoff/The%20Life%20of%20HPB.mp3# The Life of HPB] Boris de Zirkoff
*[https://www.theosophical.org/files/resources/Downloads/mp3/hoeller/H.%20P.%20Blavatsky:%20Woman%20of%20Mystery.mp3# H. P. Blavatsky: Woman of Mystery] by Stephan Hoeller
 
===Vídeo===
*[http://www.theosophicalinstitute.org/medialibrary/viewtitle.php?titleid=4CF0374D-ADAC-4E43-B5C0-166075160B6F# Blavatsky's Tibet: Sacred Power Places and their Spiritual Mysteries] by Glenn Mullin
 
===Fontes Adicionais===
*[http://www.theosophy-nw.org/theosnw/theos/hpb-selc.htm# H. P. Blavatsky - Theosophical Topics in Depth] Links to articles, letters, and books on and by HPB.
*[http://www.blavatsky.net/gen/refute/refute.htm# Refutation of charges against Madame Blavatsky] at Blavatsky Net.
*[http://www.astro.com/cgi/chart.cgi?wgid=wgeJxNTssKwjAQ_Bpvq2Q3lVbDHiqIHr2I5y2NtbSJ0qSW_r0pgngZhhnmMbVdy2Qax4LG13zo5S0xdDOcbW-9rEhdNnAHJCgAC42gaI85OJ3Z7Q4a6UHBsZNoh9Y_Q0rDtYSvmRWechhBoyKgXBegjNSVF2f5rz3Bb3Xx61TGSEkux2YMMZFl2FRxfqWrLj5Y4mQeYeY1miEw3k4fTvg8TA# H. P. Blavatsky's Natal Chart] at Astrodienst.
* [http://www.khaldea.com/charts/helenapetrovnablavatsky.shtml Helena Petrovna Blavatsky Natal Horoscope] at Khaldea.
*[http://ru.teopedia.org/hpb/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0# Articles, books and quotations from HPB in Russian language] at Теопедия (Teopedia).
 
== Notas ==
<references/>
<references/>


[[Category:Founders|Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna]]
[[Category:TS Adyar|Wedgwood, James Ingall]]
[[Category:Writers|Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna]]
[[Category:Christian clergy|Wedgwood, James Ingall]]
[[Category:Editors|Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna]]
[[Category:Christians|Wedgwood, James Ingall]]
[[Category:Clairvoyants|Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna]]
[[Category:Writers|Wedgwood, James Ingall]]
[[Category:Received Mahatma Letters|Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna]]
[[Category:Lecturers|Wedgwood, James Ingall]]
[[Category:Chelas|Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna]]
[[Category:Liberal Catholic Church|Wedgwood, James Ingall]]
[[Category:Nationality Russian|Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna]]
[[Category:Co-Masons|Wedgwood, James Ingall]]
[[Category:Nationality Naturalized American|Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna]]
[[Category:Clairvoyants|Wedgwood, James Ingall]]
[[Category:Anti-vivisectionists|Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna]]
[[Category:Musicians|Wedgwood, James Ingall]]
[[Category:Received Mahatma Letters|Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna]]
[[Category:Nationality English|Wedgwood, James Ingall]]
[[Category:People who encountered Mahatmas|Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna]]
[[Category:People|Wedgwood, James Ingall]]
[[Category:People who witnessed phenomena|Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna]]
[[Category:Feminists|Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna]]
 
[[fr:Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]]
[[ru:Блаватская]]
[[es:Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]]
[[it:Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]]

Latest revision as of 06:34, 18 February 2018

James Ingall Wedgwood

James Ingall Wedgwood was born at May 24, 1883, London, son of Alfred Allen Wedgwood (1842-1892) and Margaret Rosena Ingall (1854-1922), great great-grandson of the potter Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795), and the grandson of the spiritualist Hensleigh Wedgwood (1803-1891), and the great nephew of Charles Darwin (1809-1882). He was an prominent English Theosophist in Theosophical Society (Adyar), also the first Presiding Bishop of the Liberal Catholic Church, Freemason, Co-Mason and Martinist. Passed away on March 13, 1951 in Farnham, Surrey, England.

Personal life

Little is know about his early years. The following extracts are quoted from a short autobiography which he wrote for the Adyar Bulletin[1]:

"My liking of ceremonial was one of these early interests. One of my earliest recollections is that of standing with my nurse in the old Parish Church at Folkstone and watching a procession. I remember, even now, how stirred I was at the sight of it, and how I questioned my nurse later, when at Bedford, I passed a building bearing the inscription "Freemason's Hall". I had never heard that it was a secret society, there upon made up my mind to join it when I could. In due course I went to school (I was sent to a boarding school at the early age of five, being, I understand, more than a trifle unmanageable at home!), and on Sundays we went to the usual Anglican Church where there was no ritual worth mentioning. The services tired me, but from the very beginning I was always interested in the organ; and during the Psalms which were specially trying to my patience, I used to count the number of pipes visible in the organ case. Later I had a good deal to do with organ construction. But it was only after coming in touch with Theosophy that I realized that my chief interest in the organ, and music generally, centered round the magical and psychological effect of sound...
"But there was one important element in my childhood. My grandfather, Hensleigh Wedgwood by name, was one of the pioneers of the Spiritualist Alliance, and of the Society for Psychical Research. . .
"My mother was an extremely good clairvoyant (she figures in some of the Myers, Gurney and Podmore books), and knew H. P. Blavatsky. And so, although I knew nothing of Spiritualism or Theosophy, I heard of them, and took a great interest in the little I was told...
"My interest in the organ continued, and I liked to go to churches where there was good music. At about the age of seventeen, I strayed into a ritualistic church at East Clevedon, and heard a sermon which dealt incidentally with bowing the head at the name of Jesus. This interested me, and the Priest gave me a little book which soon turned me into a full-blown High-Churchman . I became a server at the altar and so gained some experience of ecclesiastical ceremonial. I had read a silly Protestant book called "The Secret History of the Oxford Movement", by one Walter Walsh; its effect was to fire me with enthusiasm to join all the supposedly secret societies therein "exposed". Those that I did join I found to be perfectly innocuous and really edifying, like the "Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament."...
"I became sincerely religious, and on that account was greatly troubled because I found that the ceremonial side of the worship appealed to me a great deal more than prayer, etc., which, in my ignorance of "rays" I considered a wrong state of affairs. Gradually I abandoned the idea of being an analytical chemist and thought to enter the Church. My people were at first opposed to this, and I was not sure of my vocation; so I decided to take up the study of music as the most useful preliminary for a Clergyman's work, and, as destiny would have it, I was led to become a pupil of one of the chief authorities on the old Gregorian music or Plainsong."

Wedgwood attended Pretoria House School at Folkestone in Kent, and then went on to his father’s old school, Rugby. After leaving school he studied chemistry at University College, Nottingham, on the advice of the famous chemist, Sir Henry Roscoe (1833 – 1915). He was for a time employed as an analytical chemist in York, where he lodged with the Reverend Patrick John Shaw (1869-1952), the newly appointed Rector of All Saints Church, North Street. Wedgwood also studied music at the Nottingham College of Music, and he studied the organ at St Albans, Nottingham under Dr Harold Gibbs (1928-1945). He then spent four years as an articled pupil at York Minister under Dr Tertius Noble (1867-1953). Wedgwood also felt he had a vocation to the priesthood of the Anglican Church, and began theological studies whilst staying with Patrick Shaw despite the opposition of the Wedgwood family. In 1904, in the midst of his musical and theological studies, Wedgwood attended two lectures by Mrs Besant. He had probably been introduced to Theosophy by his aunts, Effie and Hope, who had joined the Theosophical Society around 1892, having been attracted to it through their father’s spiritualism and by Mrs Besant’s social activism. As a result of his conversion to Theosophy, Wedgwood was obliged to leave the lodgings and his studies because the Rector disapproved of his newly found faith. Wedgwood renounced all thought of a vocation in the Church of England, and devoted himself entirely to the work of the Theosophical Society. For some time Wedgwood attended the Sorbonne in Paris, returning to the physics of organ music, for which studies he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Sciences.

Theosophical Society involvement

Wedgwood was admitted to the Theosophical Society in Yorkshire, England on September 7, 1904. [2]

In 1926, Wedgwood presented the Blavatsky Lecture on the topic "The Distinctive Contribution of Theosophy to Christian Thought".

Liberal Catholic Church

Writings

Bishop Wedgwood wrote several books and numerous articles. The Union Index of Theosophical Periodicals lists 14 articles by or about James I. Wedgwood, 64 articles under the name JI Wedgwood, and 9 under the name Bishop Wedgwood.

Additional resources

Notes

  1. ↑ Theosophy in New Zealand, December, 1916
  2. ↑ Theosophical Society General Membership Register, 1875-1942 at http://tsmembers.org/. See book 3, entry 26458 (website file: 3A/14).
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